Materials Science Forum Vol. 1057

Abstract: Surface roughness of ABS material on FDM process due to different orientation angle and layer thickness are investigated using an experimental method. The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of orientation angle and layer thickness on surface roughness on 3-dimension FDM printing on ABS material. A rectangle model with 60 mm length,10 mm in width, and 10 mm in height is used in this research. The orientation angle of model is 30, 45, and 60 degrees in layer thickness of 0.15 mm and 0.25 mm. The results indicates that the different orientation angle of the layer thickness causes the roughness value of the printed surface. The roughness surface value increases along with increasing of the orientation angle. The highest surface roughness value occurs at 60 degrees orientation angle in 0.15 mm layer thickness.

Abstract: This research focuses on the isolation of MCC (microcrystalline cellulose) into NCC (nanocrystalline cellulose) by acid hydrolysis process. The sulfuric acid hydrolysis (44 wt.% H₂SO₄) aims to fibrillation from MCC into NCC material. NCC has good properties such as high-surface-area, high-aspect-ratio, weight light, and reactive materials. The morphology of NCC was characterized by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and TEM. The physical characterization was tested using FTIR, XRD, and TGA. The morphological result showed that the particle size of NCC was more homogeneous with a diameter size of 25±3 nm with 310±5 nm in length. The physical properties of NCC better slightly than MCC, indicated by the increasing crystallinity index value from 74.8 to 76.4%, and it has a high thermal resistance of 330°C.

Abstract: Starch nanoparticles is one of the most recently developed starch products that have been used in plastic and food packaging applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of modified starch nanoparticles for active food packaging materials. Starch nanoparticles were fabricated via nanoprecipitation method and characterized by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Ultraviolet (UV)-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The modification process was conducted by adding lemongrass oil as active ingredient under rapid stirring. The result showed that modified starch nanoparticles exhibited spherical particles with a diameter of approximately 300-400 nm. The present method for modification of starch nanoparticles may provide an alternative approach to increase the usability of starch from Beneng Taro as local produce in Banten Province.

Abstract: In this study, polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized through oxidative polymerization assisted by sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) in hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration solution to investigate the effect of dopants in the electrical conductivity of polyaniline. The polyaniline obtained from the oxidative polymerization was confirmed with FTIR. The x-ray diffraction pattern showed that polyaniline is semi-crystalline. SDBS does not only act as a template for oxidative polymerization but also acts as a dopant. The dielectric constant, the dielectric loss, and the ac conductivity increase as polyaniline is doped with SDBS, HCl, or with both SDBS and HCl.

Abstract: In this study the effect of Chitosan-PLA (CH-PLA) film enriching with cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and ginger essential oil (GEO) were analyzed to investigate the mechanical and antibacterial properties. Resulting were improved the tensile strength (TS) effect of CEO and GEO addition to CH-PLA film by decrease about 47.39% for CEO and 66.85% for GEO compared to the film without essential oil. Blending CEO and GEO into CH-PLA film can also increase with increasing essential oil. CEO and GEO oil can increase 2.95 and 2.9 of elongation percentage compared to the film without essential oil on 2%of essential oil. CH-PLA film containing additional of CEO and GEO had no important effect on the CH-PLA film thickness. The film thickness for each essential oil composition varied from 0.10 to 0.13 m, while CH-PLA film containing CEO and GEO decrease total weight loss and bacterial population of milkfish satay compared with uncoated and coated without EO milkfish satay.

Abstract: Composite materials were applied to meet the demands of production efficiency on industrial because they offered the superior properties both of aspects on mechanical and physical properties were constantly being refined and developed with several methods. Composite technology with aluminum as a matrix as well as ceramic materials as reinforcement was very dependent on a result of the perfection of the manufacturing process on the matrix material and reinforcement was used. Aluminum currently still dominates as a matrix because of its ductility, while reinforcing materials that are widely used are ceramic elements such as silicon carbide (SiC) and alumina (Al₂O₃). Using of SiC/Al₂O₃ has been widely studied because of the remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties it produces. The addition of number of SiC particles to Al₂O₃ was able to significantly increase the hardness properties. In this study, a number of composite manufacturing methods were compared from the results of properties by accumulative press bonding (APB), accumulative roll bonding (ARB), and repetitive press roll forming (RPRF). The mechanical properties of RPRF results are known to produce better properties, especially mechanical properties. Mechanical properties were observed from tensile and hardness tests. The finer grain size is produced by increasing the compression cycle and increasing the mechanical properties when adding double reinforcement of the SiC/Al₂O₃, which causes the strength and hardness of the RPRF results to increase. Whereas other methods such as APB and ARB it is not compatible with composite materials, this proves that the RPRF method was very suitable for processing composite materials compared to APB and ARB methods.

Abstract: Cellulose acetate is a promising thermoplastic polymer to be developed since it has some characteristics, among others are easy to be formed, non-toxic, high stability, and its raw materials are renewable. The most used source of cellulose acetate raw material is bacterial cellulose because bacterial cellulose has the higher purity and the process cost is lower rather than plant cellulose. Nowadays, the production of bacterial cellulose is highly developed using coconut water media. Nevertheless, coconut water costs expensive and the supply is rare. Materials that are being potential to be developed as raw materials of bacterial cellulose through fermentation process is palm flour liquid wasted since it contains high amounts of carbon and nitrogen. This study began with the synthesis of bacterial cellulose from palm flour oil liquid waste and coconut water using Acetobacter xylinum bacteria and then cellulose acetate is synthesized through an acetylation reaction. This study aims to determine the optimum acetylation time on its performance as a reinforcement filler to be applied as a packaging material. Based on the results of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis on predetermined variables, it resulted particles in the form of bacterial cellulose and cellulose acetate with the highest yield of cellulose acetate at 3 hours of acetylation was 94.74%.

Abstract: A composite material is a combination of two or more materials that have advantages such as light weight, higher strength, corrosion resistance and low installation cost [1]. Composite materials are commonly found in aircraft, automotive, manufacturing and other industries [2,4]. Composite materials based on the type of reinforcement consist of types of fibers, particles and structures [5-14]. In this study, the particle composite material is made from a reinforcing powder made from liquid waste and used for the manufacture of motor vehicle body products (wing or bottom components). Composite reinforcing materials from liquid waste are obtained through the process of drying palm liquid waste or rubber in powder form. The manufacturing process of two-wheeled motor vehicle body products uses a casting process by making molds and products using the hand-laying coating method. The alloying material used in this research is Yukalac 156 BQTN-EC resin and reinforcement from liquid palm oil or rubber waste powder. The variation of the alloy becomes a parameter to evaluate the quality of the casting product analyzed in the form of the geometric characteristics of the product i.e. the dimensions and surface roughness. Variations of composite material alloys use a ratio of 1:1 to 5:1. From the results of the study, it is found that the dimensions are close to the design value with the smallest deviation at a composition ratio of 3:1 which surface roughness values is 2,18 to 3,13 μm for mold dies and 6,45 to 8,02 μm for product.

Abstract: In Polylactic acid (PLA) production, there is a byproduct in the form of water, while Lewis acid catalysts such as Al(III), Ti(IV), and Sn(IV) which is commonly used for PLA production will be rapidly decomposed and deactivated by water. The aim for this research was to synthesize a Lewis acid water-tolerant catalyst called LASC (Lewis Acid Surfactant Combined Catalyst) by combining some Lewis metals with surfactant in the form of Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which will bind each other to become Fe(dodecyl sulfate)₃ [Fe(DS)₃], Al(dodecyl sulfate)₃ [Al(DS)₃], and Cu(dodecyl sulfate)₂ [Cu(DS)₂] and see their performance to the PLA production using polycondensation method. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (thermogravimetry analysis (TGA)), and spectroscopic analysis (FTIR). While the yield to the PLA production was analyzed gravimetrically. In the LASC spectrum, there are shifts and separations in symmetric and asymmetric modes compared to SDS spectrum which can be related to the interaction of dodecyl sulfate anions with Lewis metals cations (Fe(III), Al(III), and Cu(II). The XRD analysis shows identical position of 2θ at ± 2.4° for SDS and LASC. The interplanar spacing (d_hkl) by XRD at 2θ = ± 2.4° were 3.74 nm, 3.63 nm, and 3.7 nm for SDS, Al(DS)₃, and Cu(DS)₂, respectively. Except for Fe(DS)₃, the interplanar spacing at d₀₀₁ is so small and only can be seen on the graph at 2θ = 2.32°. This LASC also show a good performance with a yield of 52%wt with ±1.2 mL of water was evaporated in the dehydration process of PLA production. The activity of this catalyst can contribute to enhancing the knowledge and applications of Lewis acid-surfactant-combined catalysts for PLA production.