Cyclic Deformation Behaviour and Damage Development on Different Hierarchical Levels in Cortical Bone

Abstract:

Bone is a complex natural composite material built of organic and anorganic components and very well adapted to the in vivo loading conditions. The material exhibits an excellent damage resistance under static and fatigue loading conditions. This is partially due to self-healing processes, but to a great extent also to its hierarchical microstructure. The investigation of the deformation behaviour and the damage mechanisms on different length scales gives valuable insight into which level(s) of hierarchy influence the fatigue resistance in which way. In the present work, cyclic deformation tests have been performed on cortical bone specimens. On one hand, stress-strain-hysteresis measurements in different types of tests, such as constant amplitude tests, load increase tests, and combined static and cyclic tests, give information on the active damage mechanisms. For example, changes in the development of the stiffness, non-elastic strain amplitude and non-elastic mean strain as a result of different loading velocities and stress levels allow the discrimination between time and cycle dependent damage mechanisms. These results were correlated with microstructural investigations of the damage development on different hierarchical levels by light and scanning electron microscopy.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volumes 638-642)
• Pages: 548-553
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.548
• Online since: January 2010
• Authors: Claudia Fleck
• Keywords: Cortical Bone, Damage, Fatigue, Microstructure

References

[1] D. Taylor, in: Proc. 6th International Fatigue Congress Fatigue '96 Vol. III, edited by G. Lütjering, H. Nowack, Pergamon (1996), pp.1811-1816.

[2] H.S. Gupta, J. Seto, W. Wagermaier, P. Zaslansky, P. Boesecke and P. Fratzl: PNAS Vol. 103 (2006), pp.17741-17746.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604237103

[3] V. Ebacher and R. Wang: Adv. Funct. Mater. Vol. 19 (2009), pp.57-66.

[4] R.B. Martin, V.A. Gibson, S.M. Stover, J.C. Gibeling and L.V. Griffin: J. Biomech. Vol. 30 (1997), pp.109-114.

[5] C. Fleck: Struktur und mechanische Eigenschaften kortikalen Knochens unter quasistatischer und zyklischer Beanspruchung (PhD thesis, Institute of Materials Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, 1996).

[6] D.R. Carter and W.E. Caler: J. Biomech. Vol. 14 (1981), pp.461-470.

[7] D.R. Carter and W.C. Hayes: J. Biomech. Vol. 10 (1977), pp.325-337.

[8] D.R. Carter and W.E. Caler: J. Biomech. Engng. /Trans. ASME Vol. 105 (1983), pp.166-170.

[9] C.A.G. Pattin: Cyclic mechanical property degradation in bone during fatigue loading (PhD thesis, Stanford University, USA, 1990).

[10] C. Fleck and D. Eifler: J. Biomech. Vol. 36 (2003), pp.179-189.

[11] C. Fleck and D. Eifler: Adv. Eng. Mat. Vol. 9 (2007), pp.1069-1076.

[12] T. Diab and D. Vashishth: Bone Vol. 37 (2005), pp.96-102.

[13] M.B. Schaffler and K.J. Jepsen: Int. J. Fat. Vol. 22 (2000), pp.839-846.

[14] E.F. Morgan, J.L. Lee and T.M. Keaveny: J. Biomech. Eng. Vol. 127 (2005), pp.557-562.

[15] J.F. Lafferty and P.V.V. Raju: J. Biomech. Engng. Vol. 101 (1979), pp.112-113.

[16] P. Zioupos, J.D. Currey and A. Casinos: J. Theor. Biol. Vol. 210 (2001), pp.389-399.

[17] W.E. Caler and D.R. Carter, J. Biomech. Vol. 22 (1989), pp.625-635.

[18] D. Taylor, in: Comprehensive structural integrity: Fracture of materials from nano to macro, vol. 9, edited by I. Milne, R.O. Ritchie, B.L. Karihaloo , Elsevier Inc., Oxford UK (2003), pp.35-96.

[19] D.R. Carter and W.E. Caler: J. Orthop. Res. Vol. 3 (1985), pp.84-90.

[20] R.K. Nalla, J.J. Kruzic, J.H. Kinney and R.O. Ritchie: Biomaterials Vol. 26 (2005), p.21832195.

[21] R.K. Nalla, J.S. Sölken, J.H. Kinney and R.O. Ritchie: J. Biomech. Vol. 38 (2005), p.15171525.

[22] R.O. Ritchie, J.H. Kinney, J.J. Kruzic and R.K. Nalla: Fatigue Fract. Engng. Mater. Struct. Vol. 28 (2005), pp.345-371.

[23] F.J. O'Brien, D. Taylor and C.T. Lee: J. Orthop. Res. Vol. 23 (2005), pp.475-480.

[24] W.T. George and D. Vashishth: J. Orthop. Res. Vol. 23 (2005), pp.1047-1053.

[25] F.J. O'Brien, D. Taylor and C.T. Lee: J. Biomech. Vol. 36 (2003), pp.973-980.