The Effect of NaOH Concentration and Curing Condition to the Strength and Shrinkage Performance of Recycled Geopolymer Concrete

Abstract:

Concrete is widely used as a material construction. Globally, the consumption of concrete was estimated to be more than 8 billion tons per year. Nowadays, many problems arise related to concrete manufacturing occur especially on environmental issues. A key concern for environmentalists has always been climate change. One of the ways to mitigate the impact activities on the climate is to reduce carbon footprint. Portland cement are commonly been used in concrete is responsible for about 5% of all CO₂ emission. It is reported by Davidovit that the production of one ton of Portland cement emits approximately one ton of CO₂ into the atmosphere. There are several ways to reduce environmental pollution that cause by production and utilization of Portland cement, one of it is Geopolymer concrete. Subsequently Geopolymer concrete incorporating with recycle concrete aggregate (RCA) is one of the alternative to further reduce carbon footprint and as well as can reduce waste. Geopolymer concrete is a concrete that use no cement and produced by the combination of alkaline activator and supplementary cementitious material (SCM) such as fly ash, boiler ash, waste paper sludge ash (WPSA), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and so on in order to reduce carbon emission. In this study the Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) were used as a SCM and the combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) as a binder. Two (2) series of geopolymer concrete specimens comprising two (2) different molar of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which are 8M and 14M were adopted. The effect variable alkaline molarity on the compressive strength and shrinkage of the geopolymer concrete specimens is tested at the age of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The mixture of geopolymer concete with 8M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration then was categorized into three (3) groups. Each group were been cured at different curing condition which are in ambient condition, oven, and external condition. The size of specimens prepared were 100mm x 100mm x100mm. The result shows that the molarities of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) influenced the strength of Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) based geopolymer concrete produced incorporating with increasing of recycle concrete aggregate (RCA). The result also show that the geopolymer concrete undergoes very low shrinkage. Curing condition will also effect the strength of geopolymer concrete produced.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 803)
• Pages: 194-200
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.803.194
• Online since: August 2014
• Authors: Ahmad Ruslan Mohd Ridzuan*, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Mohd Fadzil Arshad, Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir, A.A. Khairulniza
• Keywords: Compressive Strength, Concrete, Geopolymer, Recycle Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA)

References

[1] McCaffery, R. (2002), Climate Change and the Cement Industry, Global Cement and Lime Magazine (Environment Special Issue), 15-19.

[2] Rangan, B.V. (2008) Studies on Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Malaysian Construction Reasearch Journal, Vol. 3.

[3] Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S., Van Deventer, J.S.J., Lorenzon (2008), The Potential Use of Geopolymeric Materials to Immobilise Toxic Metal: Part 1 Theory and Application, Minerals Engineering 10(7), 659-669.

DOI: 10.1016/s0892-6875(97)00046-0

[4] J Hardjito. D and B. V. Rangan, (2005) Development and properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, Research Report GC 1 Faculty of Engineering Curtin University of Technology Perth, Australia.

[5] Akash Rao, Kumar N. Jha b, Sudhir Misra (2006) , Use of aggregates from recycled construction and demolition waste in concrete, Department of CE, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.

[6] Nevile, A. M (2008).

[7] Valeria Corinaldesi, Gabriele Fava, and Maria Letizia Ruello, Paper Mill Sludge Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material, Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, (2010).

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000218

[8] M. T. Muhammad Faheem, A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri, H. Kamarudin, C. M. Ruzaidi, M. Binhussain, and A. M. Izzat in: The Relationship of Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratio, Kaolin/Alkaline Activator Ratio and Sand/Kaolin Ratio to the Strength of Kaolin - Based Geopolymer Brick. Int. Review of Mech. Eng; Vol. 7, N1. ISSN 1970-8734 (2013).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.406

[9] Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, H. Kamarudin, I. Khairul Nizar, M. Bnhussain, Y. Zarina, A.R. Rafiza, in: Correlation between Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratio and Fly Ash/Alkaline Activator Ratio to the Strength of Geopolymer. Advanced Materials Research, 341-342, 189. (2011).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.189

[10] Vilas N., Guilberto B., (2007).

[11] Davidovits J., (Ed. ), (2005), Geopolymer, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Solutions; Proceedings of the World Congress Geopolymer 2005, Institut Géopolymère, Saint Quentin, France.

[12] R.S. Ravindrarajah, T.C. Tam, (1988), Methods of improving the quality of recycled aggregate concrete, Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry: Reuse of Demolition waste, Chapman and Hall, London, p.575–584.

DOI: 10.1201/9781482271270-49

[13] R.S. Ravindrarajah, T.C. Tam, (1985), Properties of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate, Magazine of Concrete Research 37.

DOI: 10.1680/macr.1985.37.130.29

[14] Davidovit, J (1994) High-Alkali Cement for 21st Century Concretes in Concrete Technology, Past Present and Future, Proceeding of V. Mohan Malhotra Symposium, Editor: P. Kumar Mehta ACI SP-144, 383-397.

DOI: 10.14359/4523

[15] Hardjito, D. and Rangan, B.V. (2005).

[16] Wallah, S.E. and Rangan, B.V. (2006), Low-Calsium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Long Term Properties, Research Report GC2, Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, available at espace@curtin or www. geopolymer. org.

DOI: 10.1201/9781420007657.ch26

[17] Lim L. G. (2008), The Usage of Waste Paper Sludge As A Cement Replacement in Concrete, Faculty of Civil, Engineering University Technology Malaysia.