An Evaluation of Potential Yield of Indium Recycled from Waste Mobile Phone in China

Abstract:

In recent years, users replace their mobile phone more and more frequently, therefore, the number of waste mobile phones has been increasing year by year. In 2014, the number was more than 1 billion units. Indium, that has unique optical transparency and electrical conduction properties, is a necessary element in the screen of mobile phone. The potential yield of indium recycled from waste mobile phone is considerable. Recycling indium from waste mobile phones can alleviate the constraints of indium resources while gaining great economic benefit. However, there is no relevant research work to evaluate the potential yield of indium in the waste cell phone. This paper explores the main factors that constraint the efficiency of recycling by predicting potential yield of indium recycled from waste mobile phone, and puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations. The results are based on the Logistic model and Stock-base model and a survey. The results show that the potential yield of indium recycled from waste mobile phone from 2015 to 2035 will increase from 8.7 tonnes to 10.2 tonnes in China. However, the recovery rate of waste mobile phone is very low, the actual available amount is far lower than the potential yield of indium. The main factors that constrain the efficiency of recycling are: (1) it is difficult to guarantee information security; (2) the existing recycling system is not perfect; (3) the technology of recycling indium needs to be improved.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 847)
• Pages: 335-343
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.847.335
• Online since: March 2016
• Authors: Heng Guang Wang, Yu Feng Wu, Yi Fan Gu, Xian Zhong Mu
• Keywords: Policy Suggestions, Potential Yield of Indium, Recycling, Waste Mobile Phone

References

[1] ASKCI The proven reserves of indium in China. http: /www. askci. com/news/201205 /11/11 1133757617. shtml.

[2] Bina Gupta, Niti Mudhar, Indu Singh. Separations and recovery of indium and gallium using bis(2, 4, 4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), Separation and Purification Technology. 57 (2007) 294-303.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2007.04.011

[3] Bo Li, Jianxin Yang, Bin Lu, Xiaolong Song. Estimation of retired mobile phones generation in China: A comparative study on methodology, Waste Management. 35(2015)247-254.

DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.008

[4] China Statistical Yearbook of electronic information industry 2004-(2012).

[5] Feng Wang, Jaco Huisman, Ab Stevels, Cornelis Peter Baldé. Enhancing e-waste estimates: Improving data quality by multivariate Input-Output Analysis, Waste Management. 33 (2013) 2397-2407.

DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.005

[6] Habuer, Jun Nakatani, Yuichi Moriguchi. Time-series product and substance flow analyses of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment in China, Waste Management. 34 (2014) 489-497.

DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.11.004

[7] Hee Nam Kang, Jin-Young Lee, Jong-Young Kim. Recovery of indium from etching waste by solvent extraction and electrolytic refining, Hydrometallurgy. 110 (2011) 120-127.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.09.009

[8] Hiroshi hasegawa, Ismail M.M. Rahman, Yuji Egawa. Chelant-induced reclamation of indium from the spent liquid crystal display panels with the aid of microwave irradiation, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 254-255 (2013) 10-17.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.028

[9] Hongyu Yang, Joseph Mathew, Lin Ma. Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings using basis pursuit, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 19 (2005) 341-356.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.03.008

[10] Jaouher Ben Ali, Brigitte Chebel-Morello, LotfiSaidi, Simon Malinowski, FarhatFnaiech. Accurate bearing remaining useful life prediction based on Weibull distribution and artificial neural network, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 56-57 (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2014.10.014

[11] Jianfeng Yin, Yingnan Gao, He Xu. Survey and analysis of consumers' behaviour of waste mobile phone recycling in China, Journal of Cleaner Production 65 (2014) 517-525.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.006

[12] Jiaxu Yang, Teodora Retegan, Christian Ekberg. Indium recovery from discarded LCD panel glass by solvent extraction, Hydrometallurgy. 137 (2013) 68-77.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.05.008

[13] Jinhui Li, Song Gao, Huabo Duan , Lili Liu. Recovery of valuable materials from waste liquid crystal display panel, Waste Management. 29 (2009) 2033-(2039).

DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.12.013

[14] Jinglei Yu, Eric Williams, Meiting Ju. Analysis of material and energy consumption of mobile phones in China, Energy Policy 38(2010) 4135-4141.

DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.041

[15] Mehdi Rahmani, Ramin Nabizadeh, Kamyar Yaghmaeiana, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Massoud Yunesian. Estimation of waste from computers and mobile phones in Iran, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 87 (2014) 21-29.

DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.03.009

[16] Ministry of Industry and information technology of China. http: /www. miit. gov. cn.

[17] Nasr Arwa, Gasmi Soufiane, Sayadi Mounir. Estimation of the parameters for a complex repairable system with preventive and corrective maintenance, International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Software Applications (ICEESA), Tunisia, (2013).

DOI: 10.1109/iceesa.2013.6578455

[18] Natalia Milovantseva, Jean-Daniel Saphores. E-waste bans and U.S. households' preferences for disposing of their e-waste, Journal of Environmental Management 124 (2013) 8-16.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.019

[19] Park Jung-Chul, The recovery of indium metal from ITO-scrap using hydrothermal reaction in alkaline solution, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society. 32 (2011) 3796-3798.

DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.10.3796

[20] Roland Geyer, Vered Doctori Blass. The economics of cell phone reuse and recycling, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 47(2010) 515-525.

DOI: 10.1007/s00170-009-2228-z

[21] Sami Virolainen, Don Ibana, Erkki Paatero. Recovery of indium from indium tin oxide by solvent extraction, Hydrometallurgy. 107 (2011) 56-61.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.01.005

[22] Shinsuke Murakami, Masahiro Oguchi, Tomohiro Tasaki, Ichiro Daigo, and Seiji hashimoto. Research and Analysis: Lifespan of Commodities, Part I The Creation of a Database and Its Review, Journal of Industrial Ecology. 14(2010) 598-612.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00250.x

[23] The official website of the National Bureau of Statistics of China. http: /www. stats. gov. cn.

[24] U.S. Geography Survey Indium Statistics and Information. http: /minerals. Usgs. Gov/minerals/ pubs/commodity/indium.

[25] Xianbing Liu, Masaru Tanaka, Yasuhiro Matsui. Generation amount prediction and material flow analysis of electronic waste: a case study in Beijing, China, Waste Management & Research 24(2006) 434-445.

DOI: 10.1177/0734242x06067449

[26] Yan Yang, Eric Williams, Logistic model-based forecast of sales and generation of obsolete computers in the U.S. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1105-1114.

DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2009.03.004

[27] Yuhu Li, Zhihong Liu, Qihou Li, Zhiyong Liu, Li Zeng. Recovery of indium from used indium-tin oxide (ITO) targets, Hydrometallurgy 105 (2011) 207-212.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.09.006

[28] Yunxia He, En Ma, Zhenming Xu, Recycling indium from waste liquid crystal display panel by vacuum carbon-reduction, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 268 (2014) 185-190.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.011

[29] Yu Q Liu, J Zhang, Y Li. Simulation of rice biomass accumulation by an extended logistic model including influence of meteorological factors, International Journal of Biometeorolog. 46(2002) 185-191.

DOI: 10.1007/s00484-002-0141-3

[30] Zhaohua Wang, Bin Zhang, Jianhua Yin, Xiang Zhang. Willingness and behavior towards e-waste recycling for residents in Beijing city, China, Journal of Cleaner Production 19 (2011) 977e984.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.09.016

[31] 2012 Minerals Yearbook Indium [advance Release] USGS.

[32] http: /minerals. usgs. gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/indium.