Technology and Antimicrobial Properties of Cu/TiB₂ Composite Coating on 304 Steel Surface Prepared by Laser Cladding

Abstract:

In this study, Cu/TiB₂ composite coating was in-situ prepared on 304 steel by laser cladding. This coating applies to hospitals, schools and some public places where cross infections happen more easily because of its good antimicrobial properties and abrasion resistance. Before laser cladding, pre-blend of Cu powder, Ti powder and B powder were undertaken by ball-milling in two different proportions (10% wt (Ti+B) and 20% wt (Ti+B)). And the atomic ratio of Ti and B was 1:2. After a series of experiments, the best parameters were achieved. They were laser power (950W), scanning speed (14mm/s) and spot diameter (3.8mm). Samples after laser cladding were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that TiB₂ was fabricated in-situ. The dispersion degree of Cu was higher in the coating of 20% wt (Ti+B). The hardness of the 10% wt (Ti+B) coating was HRC57±4. With the increase of percentage of wt (Ti+B), the hardness of 20% wt (Ti+B) coating was HRC74±5. Both of them performed better than pure copper. Relative to pure copper, the abrasion resistance of Cu/TiB₂ composite coatings was more excellent. The results of antimicrobial experiments showed that, with the increase of percentage of wt (Ti+B), the antimicrobial properties were decreasing. But they still could to be considered favorable.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 944)
• Pages: 473-479
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.944.473
• Online since: January 2019
• Authors: Yu Sun, Vannghia Tran, Dao Zhang, Wen Bin Wang, Sen Yang*
• Keywords: Antimicrobial Properties, Cu/TiB₂ Composite Coating, Laser Cladding, Wear Resistance

References

[1] Brahma U, Kothari R, Sharma P, et al. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of hexadentated macrocyclic complex of copper (II) derived from thiosemicarbazide against Staphylococcus aureus, J. Scientific reports. 2018, 8(1): 8050.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26483-5

[2] Yousuf B, Ahire J J, Dicks L M T. Understanding the antimicrobial activity behind thin-and thick-rolled copper plates, J. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2016, 100(12): 5569-5580.

DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7361-7

[3] Stewart P S, Costerton J W. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms, J. The lancet. 2001, 358(9276): 135-138.

DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05321-1

[4] Watanabe T. Infective heredity of multiple drug resistance in bacteria, J. Bacteriological reviews. 1963, 27(1): 87.

DOI: 10.1128/br.27.1.87-115.1963

[5] Ye H P, Xie H X. Antimicrobial mechanisms of bacteria and rational application of antibiotics,J. Modern Medicine & Health. 2015 (12): 1818-1820.

[6] Yang L, Dai B Y, Luo Y T. Detection and analysis on plasmid-mediated quinolone multi-drug resistant genes, J. International Medicine and Health Guidance News.2013，19（18）：2820-2823.

[7] Ryu H S, Bae I H, Lee K G, et al. Antibacterial effect of silver-platinum coating for orthodontic appliances, J. The Angle Orthodontist. 2011, 82(1): 151-157.

DOI: 10.2319/021411-111.1

[8] Borkow G, Gabbay J. Copper as a biocidal tool, J. Current medicinal chemistry. 2005, 12(18): 2163-2175.

DOI: 10.2174/0929867054637617

[9] Vaidya M Y, McBain A J, Butler J A, et al. Antimicrobial Efficacy and Synergy of Metal Ions against Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii in Planktonic and Biofilm Phenotypes, J. Scientific reports. 2017, 7(1): 5911.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05976-9

[10] Michels H T, Wilks S A, Noyce J O, et al. Copper alloys for human infectious disease control, J. Stainless steel. 2005, 77000(55.0): 27.0.

[11] Yang Y, Zou Z Z, Tian W J. Bactericidal properties of different copper alloys, J. Microbiology China. 2012, 39(5): 654-660.

[12] Faúndez G, Troncoso M, Navarrete P, et al. Antimicrobial activity of copper surfaces against suspensions of Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni, J. BMC microbiology. 2004, 4(1): 19.

[13] Michels H T, Wilks S A, Noyce J O, et al. Copper alloys for human infectious disease control, J. Stainless steel. 2005, 77000(55.0): 27.0.

[14] Wilks S A, Michels H T, Keevil C W. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on metal surfaces: implications for cross-contamination, J. International journal of food microbiology. 2006, 111(2): 93-98.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.037

[15] Noyce J O, Michels H, Keevil C W. Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment, J. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2006, 63(3): 289-297.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008

[16] Hans M, Erbe A, Mathews S, et al. Role of copper oxides in contact killing of bacteria, J. Langmuir. 2013, 29(52): 16160-16166.

DOI: 10.1021/la404091z

[17] O'gorman J, Humphreys H. Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? J. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2012, 81(4): 217-223.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.009

[18] Warnes S L, Caves V, Keevil C W. Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella involves immediate membrane depolarization followed by slower rate of DNA destruction which differs from that observed for Gram‐positive bacteria, J. Environmental microbiology. 2012, 14(7): 1730-1743.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02677.x

[19] Warnes S L, Keevil C W. Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in vancomycin-resistant enterococci following wet" or "dry, contact, J. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2011: AEM. 00597-11.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.00597-11

[20] Warnes S L, Green S M, Michels H T, et al. Biocidal efficacy of copper alloys against pathogenic enterococci involves degradation of genomic and plasmid DNAs, J. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2010, 76(16): 5390-5401.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.03050-09

[21] Macomber L, Imlay J A. The iron-sulfur clusters of dehydratases are primary intracellular targets of copper toxicity, J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009, 106(20): 8344-8349.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812808106

[22] Hong I T, Koo C H. Antibacterial properties, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Cu-modified SUS 304 stainless steel, J. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2005, 393(1-2): 213-222.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2004.10.032

[23] L. Nan, W. C. Yang, Y. Q. Liu, et al. Antibacterial Mechanism Of Copper-bearing Antibacterial Stainless Steel Against E.coli, J. Journal Of Materials Science & Technology. 2008, 24(2): 197-201.

[24] Hong I T, Koo C H. Antibacterial properties, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Cu-modified SUS 304 stainless steel, J. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2005, 393(1-2): 213-222.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2004.10.032