Solid State Phenomena Vol. 237

Abstract: The formation of anti-wear coatings on the inner surface of steel cylinders and pipes presents a difficult process-related problem for PA PVD methods. This problem is associated with a strictly limited geometry of the reaction space and dimensions of plasma sputtering-sources. Among the main factors behind physical and chemical phenomena occurring the reaction space, formed within a low-temperature plasma and at its boundaries with a solid object, there are type, concentration, unobstructed path for reacting substances, as well as values and geometry of electrical/magnetic/thermal fields [1-5]. In the research on the plasma-based technology in confined space, the lowest possible distance between the surface being modified and the source of ions of metallic and gaseous elements is taken into account.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to test the connections of wastewater pipes with sockets. The connections are made by friction welding. In the production process, the pipe is fixed and the socket is rotated. Then, the rotating socket is forced onto the pipe. The heat necessary for the connection elements is produced by the friction of the contact surfaces with use of a suitable force. The effectiveness of the sealing process depends mainly on the holding force, temperature, and duration of the process. Figure 1 shows a cross section model of the pipe connected to the socket. The area includes two notches in the welded pipe.

Abstract: Industrial robots are mostly designed for tasks where working conditions are well known and do not change over time. However, there are many examples where robots require vision sensor-based control in order to perform complex operations and react to changes in the environment. Other areas where there is need for combining vision sensors with manipulators are quality inspection tasks of large or complex structured objects. The paper presents an overview of the methods used in robotic vision systems, taking into account their specific requirements and advantages. Experimental studies of a selected 2D/3D sensors mounted on industrial manipulators are presented including analysis of collected 3D points clouds. Additionally, a system of a reconfigurable manipulator that interchangeably uses various sensors and tools in complex inspection tasks is presented.

Abstract: The authors present examples of the developed unique optomechatronic systems for the monitoring of fatigue of materials. The systems employ different solutions from the area of optomechatronic technologies like machine vision methods with single-camera and dual-camera vision systems. Additionally, the article discusses the most important functional features and application possibilities of the developed apparatus.

Abstract: The article presents a developed orginal model designed to increase the efficiency of the processes of the design of adaptive image analysis methods used for detection of surface defects in materials. The model was created as part of activities related to the Strategic Program – Specialized knowledge bases and expert systems for the simulation of complex processes. The methods presented in this paper make it possible to accelerate design process, including testing of algorithms developed for a wide range of surface defects, such as: cracks, discoloration, loss of materials, geometric distortion, or even the presence of defect agglomerations caused by corrosion, without the need for the acquisition of the physical image of the actual objects. This in many cases can be a significant problem for engineers who design automatic optical inspection systems, because the acquisition of test objects with specified defects which are characterized by a fixed range of values of selected parameters is not always possible. This paper presents a formal model designed to generate material defects on the surface of three-dimensional virtual objects, which is equivalent to the acquisition of actual data from vision systems. The model takes into account various surface characteristics such as their texture or roughness by using mapping by the Blinn method. The results of the use of the system developed for the classification of products represented in digital images for which image analysis algorithms have been based on so-called artificial intelligence in the form of dedicated neural networks are presented. As described in this paper, artificial neural networks are an example of adaptive models, and provide the ability to solve problems for which there are no deterministic models. The models, however, require the use of learning processes (training) with the use of extensive data sets, which in this case were generated with the use of the developed solution model.

Abstract: The paper presents a method of optical inspection of manufacturing processes in the visible band. The presented model of the test bench was based on a monochrome CCD camera that allows one to conduct research in the field of digital image analysis. The wavelet transform was proposed for the detection of objects. This wavelet transform allows examining pictures with use of textures. The article presents an analysis of the results of experiments for selected objects using the proposed method, allowing the evaluation of the correctness of classification. In the article, the advantages of using the proposed method in a sample manufacturing process to recognizing surface defects (e.g. cracks or scratches) is discussed.

Abstract: This paper presents a modification of the optical marker method for fluid particle trajectories analysis. Known optical visualization methods involving the addition of uniform indicator particles, require special methods of illuminating a single section of the liquid. Other of the disadvantages of this method is also the need to record suitably quick sequence of images, as well as problems in obtaining information about the three-dimensional motion of particles. The proposed modification involves the use of a set of markers, each of which is uniquely identified. The paper presents the results of laboratory tests carried out using the suggested markers.

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks called WSN’s increasingly find their wide application in various distributed measurement systems. Currently, many manufacturers focus on implementation of these devices in energy meters. In addition these devices are increasingly being considered as a system that do not carry big financial effort to be implement as a measuring systems of key safety parameters in production environments. Such environments are becoming an important element to ensure reliable transmission between measuring devices broadcasting. Another challenge in the systems under consideration is to provide low emissivity in the network. The low emissivity provides less interference between operating devices. This premise has an important effect on networks with large numbers of nodes.

Abstract: The article deals with an application of the V-block method to waviness measurements of rotary mechanical parts. The most popular methods used to measure waviness profile are radial ones. These methods are characterized by a high measurement accuracy and they are usually used to measure waviness profile of small parts under laboratory conditions. Furthermore radial waviness measurements are time-consuming due to centering of measured object on measuring table. Since, large size cylinders are used in many branches of industry, it is necessary to develop another method that allows to determine waviness deviations under industrial conditions. For this purpose the V-block method can be applied. This article presents a design and a principle of operation of a measuring device based on the V-block method. The device was used in the experimental part of the research work to measure waviness profiles. Paper describes also the procedure of identification of real values of V-block method parameters (angles α and β) used in measuring device. For the nominal and real values of angles α and β an experimental V-block method accuracy was calculated. The research result presented in this article indicate that the identification of real values of V-block method parameters increases the method accuracy.

Abstract: Plastic lubricants represent a large group of lubricants that are widely used. Structurally, they are complex colloidal systems and are included among non-Newtonian fluids. They consist of oil basestock, a selected thickener, and a set of improvers. A significant role in the spatial structure of lubricants is played by the intermolecular van der Waals forces between the major components, namely between the basestock and the thickener. However, the spatial structure of the thickener is largely maintained by intermolecular forces other than van der Waals forces, in particular: dipole-dipole force (Kesson effect), dipole-induced dipole attraction (Debye effect), and momentary dipole-induced dipole force (London effect). The result of these types of forces is an adequate lubricant structure, which is responsible for rheological properties and texture [1-3].