Determination of New Plasticity Characteristic of Alloys at Mechanical Compression and Tensile Tests and the Influence of Structural Factors on Plasticity

Abstract:

In physics and mechanics, plasticity is defined as the ability of a material to undergo irreversible (plastic) deformation. Conventionally, the plastic strain at fracture in tensile tests, δ, has been used as a quantitative measure of plasticity. However, δ does not follow the scientific definition of plasticity. The influence of structural factors, temperature and strain rate on the value of δ were not elaborated over many decades. This lack of well-founded quantitative characteristic hindered efforts to control and to increase plasticity of materials. The plasticity characteristic that corresponds to the scientific definition of this quantity, δ* = plastic strain ε_р/ total strain ε_t, has been successfully used by many scientists to determine plasticity δ* by indentation. In the present work, the technique for the determination of the plasticity characteristic δ* during mechanical compression and tensile tests of metallic alloys has been introduced for the first time. In this case, δ* is determined more precisely than by indentation, and the second deformation curve δ*=f*(ε_t) is constructed. A theory of the influence of structural factors (grain size, dislocation density, disperse particles of the second phase) on the plasticity characteristic δ* has now been developed, making it possible to estimate the influence of the indicated factors on δ* and to design alloys with an optimal combination of strength and plasticity. The discovered correlation of the values of δ* and δ for steels and for aluminum alloys allows us to use the developed theory to calculate the influence of the structural factors on d for these materials as well.

• Periodical: Solid State Phenomena (Volume 331)
• Pages: 11-24
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-43wx05
• Online since: April 2022
• Authors: Yuly V. Milman*, Boris A. Galanov, Victor Goncharuk, Igor V. Voskoboinik, Irina Goncharova
• Keywords: Hardness, Indentation, Mechanical Properties, Plasticity

References

[1] Plasticity (physics), Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_physics) (accessed 10 June 2020).

[2] A.A. Il'jushin, V.S. Lenskij, Plasticity, Physical encyclopedic dictionary. – Moscow,: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1983, p.547 (in Russian).

[3] A.L. Rojtburd, Physical encyclopedic dictionary, Moscow, Sov. Encyclopedia, 1965, p.548 (in Russian).

[4] F.A. McClintock, A.S. Argon, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Addison-Westey Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, U.S.A, (1966).

[5] S.F. Pugh, Relations between the elastic moduli and plastic properties of polycrystalline metals, Philosophical Magazine, v.45, №367 (1954) 823-843.

DOI: 10.1080/14786440808520496

[6] Yu.V. Milman, B.A. Galanov, S.I. Chugunova, Plasticity characteristic obtained through hardness measurement, Acta Met. Mater., 41, No. 9 (1993): 2523.

DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(93)90122-9

[7] B.A. Galanov, Y.V. Milman, S.I. Chugunova, I.V. Goncharova, Investigation of mechanical properties of high-hardness materials by indentation, J. Superhard Mater., vol. 21, No. 3 (1999) 23–35.

[8] Yu.V. Milman, Plasticity characteristic obtained by indentation, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 41 (2008): 074013.

DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/41/7/074013

[9] Yu. Milman, S. Chugunova, I. Goncharova, Plasticity at Absolute Zero as a Fundamental Characteristic of Dislocation Properties, International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 3, No.6 (2014): 353.

DOI: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.22

[10] Yu.V. Milman, S.I. Chugunova, I.V. Goncharova, Plasticity characteristic obtained by indentation, Questions of atomic science and technology. Series: Physics of radiation damage and radiation materials science (98). 4 (2011) 182-187.

[11] M. Sakai, The Meyer hardness: A measure for plasticity?, J. Mater. Res., 14, No. 9 (1999): 3630.

[12] Y.-T. Cheng and C.-M.Cheng, Relationships between hardness, elastic modulus, and the work of indentation, J. Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, No. 5 (1998): 614.

DOI: 10.1063/1.121873

[13] Yu. Milman, S. Dub, A. Golubenko, Plasticity characteristics obtained through instrumental indentation, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1049 (2008) 123-128.

DOI: 10.1557/proc-1049-aa05-06

[14] Y.-T. Cheng and C.-M. Cheng, Scaling, Dimensional Analysis, and Indentation Measurements, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 44, No. 4 (2004): 91.

[15] A.J. Harris, B.D. Beake, D.E.J. Armstrong, and M.I. Davies, Development of High Temperature Nanoindentation Methodology and its Application in the Nanoindentation of Polycrystalline Tungsten in Vacuum to 950 °C, Experimental Mechanics, 57, No. 7 (2017): 1115.

DOI: 10.1007/s11340-016-0209-3

[16] J. Maniks, L. Grigorjeva, R. Zabels, D. Millers, I. Bochkov, J. Zicans, T. Ivanova, and J. Grabis, Swift heavy ion induced modifications of luminescence and mechanical properties of polypropylene/ZnO nanocomposites, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 326 (2014): 154.

DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2013.10.090

[17] K.K. Jha, N. Suksawanga, D. Lahiri, and A. Agarwal, Evaluating initial unloading stiffness from elastic work-of-indentation measured in a nanoindentation experiment, J. Mater. Res., 28, No. 6 (2013): 789.

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2013.3

[18] Y.H. Cheng, T. Browne, B. Heckerman, C. Bowman, V. Gorokhovsky, and E.I. Meletis, Surf. Coat. Technol., Mechanical and tribological properties of TiN/Ti multilayer coating, 205, No. 1 (2010): 146.

DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.06.023

[19] Yu.V. Milman, S.I. Chugunova, I.V. Goncharova, A.A. Golubenko, Plasticity of materials determined by the indentation method, Progress in Physics of Metals, v.19, No.3 (2018) 271-306.

DOI: 10.15407/ufm.19.03.271

[20] A.F. Shchurov, V.A. Perevoshchikov, A.V. Kruglov, Relation between the plasticity index and the pseudopotential of covalent tetrahedral crystals. Tech. Phys. Lett. 24 (1998) 395–397.

DOI: 10.1134/1.1262104

[21] A.V. Byakova, Yu.V. Milman, A.A. Vlasov, High performance ceramic coatings for cutting tool – Perspectives in improvement of coating mechanical properties, Proceedings 8th CIRP International Workshop on modeling of machining Operations (May 10–11) (Chemnitz: Germany), (2005) 559.

[22] B.A. Galanov, Yu.V. Milman, S.I. Chugunova, I.V. Goncharova, I.V. Voskoboinik, Application of the Improved Inclusion Core Model of the Indentation Process for the Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials, Crystals, 7, No.3 (2017): 87.

DOI: 10.3390/cryst7030087

[23] Yu.V. Milman, S.I. Chugunova, I.V. Gonсharova, Plasticity Characteristic Obtained by Indentation Technique for Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials in the Wide Temperature Range, High Temp. Mater. Processes., 25, No.1–2 (2006): 39.

DOI: 10.1515/htmp.2006.25.1-2.39

[24] X. Zhang, B.D. Beake, S. Zhang, Toughness evaluation of thin hard coatings and films, In: Thin Films and Coatings (Eds. S. Zhang) (Taylor & Francis Group, LLC), (2015) 48–113.

DOI: 10.1201/b18729-3

[25] V.F. Bojko, T.B. Ershova, A.V. Zajcev, Correlation of the surface energy of metals and carbides from their plasticity, J. Material Science, No.12 (2011) 22-24 (in Russian).

[26] A.F. Shchurov, A.V. Kruglov, V.A. Perevoshchikov, Band Structure and Low-Temperature Plasticity of Covalent Crystals, Inorg. Mater., 37, No.4 (2001): 349.

[27] Yu. Milman, S. Chugunova, I. Goncharova, Plasticity determined by indentation and theoretical plasticity of materials, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 73, No.9 (2009): 1215.

DOI: 10.3103/s1062873809090093

[28] I.V. Goncharova, Yu.V. Mil'man, S.I. Chugunova, Theoretical plasticity of materials, 5th International Conference, HighMatTech, (Oct. 5–8, 2015) (Kiev: KPI), (2015) 256 (in Russian).

[29] D. Tabor, The Hardness of Metals, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, (1951).

[30] D. Tabor, Indentation hardness: Fifty years on-A personal view, Philos. Mag, vol. 74, issue 5 (1996) 1207-1212.

DOI: 10.1080/01418619608239720

[31] K.L. Johnson, Contact Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1985).

[32] B.A. Galanov, S.M. Ivanov, V.V. Kartuzov, Improved core model of the indentation for the experimental determination of mechanical properties of elastic-plastic materials and its application, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 150 (2020): 103545.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2020.103545

[33] M.M. Chaudhri, Subsurface strain distribution around Vickers hardness indentations in annealed polycrystalline copper, Acta Materialia, vol. 46, issue 9 (1998) 3047 - 3056.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6454(98)00010-x

[34] M. Mata, M. Anglada, J. Alcala, Contact deformation regimes around sharp indentations and the concept of the characteristic strain, J. Mater. Res. vol. 17, issue 5 (2011) 964–976.

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2002.0144

[35] M.M. Chaudhri, Strain hardening around spherical indentations, Phys. Status Solidi A, 182 (2000) 641–652.

DOI: 10.1002/1521-396x(200012)182:2<641::aid-pssa641>3.0.co;2-u

[36] E.O. Hall, The deformation and ageing of mild steel: III discussion of results, Proc. Phys. Soc. B 64 (1951) 747-753.

DOI: 10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/303

[37] N.J. Petch, The cleavage strength of polycrystals, J. Iron Steel Inst., vol. 174 (1953) 25-28.

[38] V.I. Trefilov, Yu.V. Milman, S.A. Firstov, Physical basis of strength of refractory metals, Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1975, p.315 (in Russian).

[39] C. Suryanarayana, D. Mukhopadhyay, S.N. Patankar, F.H. Froes, Grain size effects in nanocrystalline materials, J. Mater. Res., vol. 7, issue 8 (1992) 2114-2128.

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.1992.2114

[40] A.P. Zhilyaev, G.V. Nurislamova, B.-K. Kim, M.D. Baró, J.A. Szpunar, T.G. Langdon, Experimental parameters influencing grain refinement and microstructural evolution during high-pressure torsion, Acta Mat., vol. 51, issue 3 (2003) 753-765.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6454(02)00466-4

[41] A.M. Glezer, Large plastic deformations, in: Glezer, A.M. et al. (Eds.), Basics of plastic deformation of nanostructured materials, M.: Fizmatlit, 2016, p.599 (in Russian).

[42] A. I. Yurkova, Yu. V. Milman, A. V. Byakova, Structure and mechanical properties of iron subjected to surface severe plastic deformation by attrition: II. Mechanical properties of nano- and submicrocrystalline iron, Russian Metallurgy (Metally), No.4 (2010) 258–263.

DOI: 10.1134/s0036029510040026

[43] S. Ikeda, Dislocation Distribution and Work-Hardening in Iron Single Crystals Extended in the [100] and the [110] Axes, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 27 (1969) 1564-1578.

DOI: 10.1143/jpsj.27.1564

[44] T. Takeuchi, Theory of High-Temperature Type Work-Hardening of Body-Centred Cubic Metals, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 28 (1970) 955-964.

DOI: 10.1143/jpsj.28.955

[45] E. Orowan, Symposium on Internal Stresses in Metals and Alloys, London : The Institute of Metals, (1948) 451.

[46] V.I. Trefilov, V.F. Moiseev, E.P. Pechkovskiy, Strain hardening and destruction of polycrystalline metals, Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1987, p.256 (in Russian).

[47] A. Kelly, R.B. Nicholson, Precipitation hardening, Prog. Mat. Sci., vol. 10, no. 3 (1963) 151.

[48] B.A. Wilcox, A. Gilbert, Substructural strengthening of a precipitation hardened molybdenum alloy, Acta Metall., vol. 15, issue 4 (1967) 601-606.

DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(67)90103-4

[49] M.F. Ashby, Proceedings of Second Bolton Landing Conference on Oxide Dispersion Strengthening, Gordon & Breach, New York, (1968).