Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals

Article Preview

Abstract:

We review our work on two complementary and compatible techniques, namely direct laser writing and holographic lithography which are suitable for fabricating three-dimensional Photonic Crystal templates for the visible and near-infrared. The structures are characterized by electron micrographs and by optical spectroscopy, revealing their high optical quality.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

Info:

Periodical:

Solid State Phenomena (Volumes 99-100)

Pages:

55-64

Citation:

Online since:

July 2004

Export:

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Permissions PLS:

Сopyright:

© 2004 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

[1] Yablonovitch, E., Inhibited Spontaneous Emission in Solid-State Physics and Electronics, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 58, pp.2059-2062, (1987).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.58.2059

Google Scholar

[2] John, S., Strong Localization of Photons in Certain Disordered Dielectric Superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 58, pp.2486-2489, (1987).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.58.2486

Google Scholar

[3] Yablonovitch, E. and Gmitter, T.J., Photonic band structure: The face-centered-cubic case employing nonspherical atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 67, pp.2295-2298, (1991).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.2295

Google Scholar

[4] Joannopoulos, J.D., Meade, R.D., and Winn, J.N., Photonic Crystals, molding the flow of light, Princeton University Press, (1995).

Google Scholar

[5] Hermann, D., Frank, M., Busch, K., and Wölfle, P., Photonic band structure computations, Optics Express, Vol. 8, pp.167-172, (2001).

DOI: 10.1364/oe.8.000167

Google Scholar

[6] Johnson S.G. and Joannopoulos, J.D. Block-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell's equations in a planewave basis, Optics Express, Vol. 8, pp.173-190, (2001).

DOI: 10.1364/oe.8.000173

Google Scholar

[7] Sanders, J.V., Colour of precious opal, Nature, Vol. 204, pp.1151-1153, (1964).

DOI: 10.1038/2041151a0

Google Scholar

[8] Vukusic, P., Sambles, J.R., and Lawrence, C.R., Colour mixing in wing scales of a butterfly, Nature, Vol. 404, pp.457-459, (2000).

DOI: 10.1038/35006561

Google Scholar

[9] Argyros, A., Manos, S., Large, M.C.J., McKenzie, D.R., and Cox, G. C., Electron tomography and computer visualization of a three-dimensional 'photonic' crystal in a butterfly wing-scale, micron, Vol. 33, pp.483-487, (2002).

DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(01)00044-0

Google Scholar

[10] Parker, A.R., McPhedran, R.C., McKenzie, D.R., Botten, L.C., and Nicorovici, N. -A.P., Aphrodite's iridescence, Nature, Vol. 409, pp.36-37, (2001).

DOI: 10.1038/35051168

Google Scholar

[11] John, S., Toader, O., and Busch, K., Photonic band gap materials: A semiconductor for light, Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Academic Press, (2001).

Google Scholar

[12] Fleming, J.G., Lin, S.Y., El-Kady, I., Biswas, R., and Ho, K.M., All-metallic threedimensional photonic crystals with a large infrared bandgap, Nature, Vol. 417, pp.52-55, (2002).

DOI: 10.1038/417052a

Google Scholar

[13] Lin, S.Y., Moreno, J., and Fleming, J.G., Three-dimensional photonic-crystal emitter for thermal photovoltaic power generation, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 83, pp.380-382, (2003).

DOI: 10.1063/1.1592614

Google Scholar

[14] Lidorikis, E., Povinelli, M.L., Johnson, S.G., and Joannopoulos, J.D., Polarizationindependent linear waveguides in 3D Photonic Crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 91, pp.023902-4, (2003).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.023902

Google Scholar

[15] Ho, K.M., Chan, C.T., Soukoulis, C.M., Biswas, R., and Sigalas, M., Photonic band gaps in three dimensions: New layer-by-layer periodic structures, Solid State Commun., Vol. 89, pp.413-416, (1994).

DOI: 10.1016/0038-1098(94)90202-x

Google Scholar

[16] Blanco, A., Busch, K., Deubel, M., Enkrich, C., von Freymann, G., Hermatschweiler, M., Koch, W., Linden, S., Meisel, D.C., and Wegener, M., in: Photonic Crystals - advances in design, fabrication and characterization, (K. Busch, S. Lölkes, R. Wehrspohn, and H. Föll Eds. ), Wiley-VCH, in press.

DOI: 10.1002/3527602593.ch8

Google Scholar

[17] Lin, S.Y., Fleming, J.G., Hetherington, D.L., Smith, B.K., Biswas, R., Ho, K.M., Sigalas, M.M., Zubrzycki, W., Kurtz, S.R., and Bur, J., A three-dimensional photonic crystal operating at infrared wavelengths, Nature, Vol. 394, pp.251-253, (1998).

DOI: 10.1038/28343

Google Scholar

[18] Noda, S., Tomoda, K., Yamamoto, N., and Chutinan, A., Full three-dimensional photonic bandgap crystals at near-infrared wavelengths, Science, Vol. 289, pp.604-606, (2000).

DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5479.604

Google Scholar

[19] Aoki, K., Miyazaki, H.T., Hirayama, H., Inoshita, K., Baba, T., Sakoda, K., Shinya, N., and Aoyagi, Y., Microassembly of semiconductor three-dimensional photonic crystals, Nature Materials, Vol. 2, pp.117-121, (2003).

DOI: 10.1038/nmat802

Google Scholar

[20] Astratov, V.N., Bogomolov, V.N., Kaplyanskii, A.A., Prokofiev, A.V., Samoilovich, L.A., Samoilovich, S.M., and Vlasov, Y.A., Optical spectroscopy of opal matrices with CdS embedded in its pores: Quantum confinement and photonic band gap effects, Nuovo Cimento D, Vol. 17, pp.1349-1354, (1995).

DOI: 10.1007/bf02457208

Google Scholar

[21] Miguez, H., Lopez, C., Meseguer, F., Blanco, A., Vazquez, L., Mayoral, R., Ocana, M., Fornes, V., and Mifsud, A., Photonic crystal properties of packed submicrometric SiO2 spheres, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 71, pp.1148-1150, (1997).

DOI: 10.1063/1.119849

Google Scholar

[22] Sözüer, H.S., Haus, J.W., and Inguva, R., Photonic bands - Convergence problems with the plane-wave method, Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 45, pp.13962-13972, (1992).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.13962

Google Scholar

[23] Busch, K. and John, S., Photonic band gap formation in certain self-organizing systems, Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 58, pp.3896-3908, (1998).

DOI: 10.1103/physreve.58.3896

Google Scholar

[24] Wijnhoven, J.E.G.J. and Vos, W.L., Preparation of photonic crystals made of air spheres in titania, Science, Vol. 281, pp.802-804, (1998).

DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5378.802

Google Scholar

[25] Blanco, A., Chomski, E., Grabtchak, S., Ibisate, M., John, S., Leonard, S.W., Lopez, C., Meseguer, F., Miguez, H., Mondia, J.P., Ozin, G.A., Toader, O., and van Driel, H.M., Largescale synthesis of a silicon photonic crystal with a complete bandgap near 1. 5 microns, Nature, Vol. 405, pp.437-440, (2000).

DOI: 10.1038/35013024

Google Scholar

[26] Vlasov, Y.A., Bo, X. -Z., Sturm, J.C., and Norris D.J., On-chip assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals, Nature, Vol. 414, pp.289-293, (2001).

DOI: 10.1038/35104529

Google Scholar

[27] Maruo, S., Nakamura, O., and Kawata, S., Three-dimensional microfabrication with twophoton-absorbed photopolymerization, Opt. Lett., Vol. 22, pp.132-134, (1997).

DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.000132

Google Scholar

[28] Cumpston, B.H., Ananthavel, S.P., Barlow, S., Dyer, D.L., Ehrlich, J.E., Erskine, L.L., Heikal, A.A., Kuebler, S.M., Lee, I. -Y.S., McCord-Maughon, D., Qin, J., Röckel, H., Rumi, M., Wu, X. -L., Marder, S.R., and Perry, J.W., Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication, Nature, Vol. 398, pp.51-54, (1999).

DOI: 10.1038/17989

Google Scholar

[29] Kawata, S., Sun, H. -B., Tanaka, T., and Takada, K., Finer features for functional microdevices, Nature, Vol. 412, pp.697-698, (2001).

DOI: 10.1038/35089130

Google Scholar

[30] Ho, K.M., Chan, C.T., and Soukoulis, C.M., Existence of a photonic band gap in periodic dielectric structures, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 65, pp.3153-3155, (1990).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.3152

Google Scholar

[31] Toader, O., Berciu, M., and John, S., Photonic Band Gaps Based on Tetragonal Lattices of Slanted Pores, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 90, pp.233901-4, (2003).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.233901

Google Scholar

[32] Campbell, M., Sharp, D.N., Harrison, M.T., Denning, R.G., and Turberfield, A.J., Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography, Nature, Vol. 404, pp.53-56, (2000).

DOI: 10.1038/35003523

Google Scholar

[33] Shoji, S. and Kawata, S., Photofabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals by multibeam laser interference into a photopolymerizable resin, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 76, pp.2668-2670, (2000).

DOI: 10.1063/1.126438

Google Scholar

[34] Miklyaev, Yu.V., Meisel, D.C., Blanco, A., von Freymann, G., Busch, K., Koch, W., Enkrich, C., Deubel, M., and Wegener, M., Three-dimensional face-centered-cubic photonic crystal templates by laser holography: fabrication, optical characterization, and band-structure calculations, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 82, pp.1284-1286, (2003).

DOI: 10.1063/1.1557328

Google Scholar

[35] Kittel, C., Introduction to solid state physics, Princeton John Wiley & Sons, 6th edition, (1996).

Google Scholar

[36] Petsas, K.I., Coates, A.B., and Grynberg, G., Crystallography of optical lattices, Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 50, pp.5173-5189, (1994).

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.5173

Google Scholar

[37] Cai, L.Z., Yang, X.L., and Wang, Y.R., All fourteen Bravais lattices can be performed by interference of four noncoplanar Beams, Opt. Lett., Vol. 27, pp.900-902, (2002).

DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.000900

Google Scholar

[38] Yablonovitch, E., and Gmitter, T.J., Photonic band structure: The face-centered-cubic case, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 63, pp.1950-1953, (1989).

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.63.1950

Google Scholar

[39] Ullal, C.K., Maldovan, M., Wohlgemuth, M., Thomas, E.L., White, C.A., and Yang, S., Triply periodic bicontinuous structures through interference lithography: a level-set approach, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 20, pp.948-954, (2003).

DOI: 10.1364/josaa.20.000948

Google Scholar