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The crystal structure of the synthesized materials was investigated using X-ray phase analysis (XRD) on the Shimadzu XRD 6000 diffractometer using CuKα-radiation and Ni-filter with 2Θ the angle range of 5° to 100° at a measurement speed of 0.5–4 deg/min.
Also the silica gel has a flexible structure so that it is possible to change the angles between Si-O-Si bonds.
Probably, in this case the generated charge carriers recombine quickly, since the structure of these materials is better organized and the presence of energy barriers decreases the ability of the support to immobilize the generated free electrons [3].
, Russian Journal of General Chemistry. 78 (2008) 1070-1080
Vodyankina, Nanodispersed photocatalysts on the base of titanium dioxide, Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry. 83 (2009) 1371-1375

The charged segments of polyelectrolytes behave as small building units and their orientation and position can be designed to target structures of great complexity.
Consequently, it is possible to fine-tune the molecular level structure and properties of multilayer films.
Structures that had previously extended and linear conformations become reeled due to the presence of salt ions in the medium, leading to films with an irregular and rough morphology [19].
Klitzing, Charge Effects on the Formation of Multilayers Containing Strong Polyelectrolytes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107 (2003) 5273-5280
Picart, Layer by layer buildup of polysaccharide films: Physical chemistry and cellular adhesion aspects, Langmuir, 20 (2004) 448-458

., Moscow, Russia 3Institute of solid state chemistry and mechanochemistry RAS, Novosibirsk,Kutateladze str, Russia aKiseleva.TYu@gmail.com,bS.I.zholudev@gmail.com,novakova.alla@gmail.com, dgendler06@mail.ru, eilinyh.igor@gmail.com, fsmarzhevskaya@physics.msu.ru,ghf_hf@newmail.ru, hgrig@nsc.ras.ru Keywords: Nanocomposites, FeGa, magnetic anisotropy Abstract.
Anisotropic chain structures of magnetic particles within the polymer with different interparticle interactions were observed.
Nevertheless RMx/RMy or vice versa values varied from 8 to 16 with concentration increase suggesting the chain structure of fp particles evidently in external field direction.
Well-structured chains (strips) of FeGa particles within the composite strained in external magnetic field direction have been determined from the images.
We consider that this effect may affect the particles magnetostriction value by additional stress influence on the FeGa particle structure.

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional unsteady flow field in the cyclone Zongrui Hao1, a, Juan Xu1, b, Haiyan Bie2, c Zhonghai Zhou1 1 Institute of Oceanographic Instrument of Shandong Academy of Science, Qingdao, 266001, China 2 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China ahaozr001@sina.com, bxujuan101066@163.com, csalany001@163.com Keywords: cyclone, tangential velocity, turbulent flow, Large eddy simulation Abstract.
Physical model and the calculation boundary Cyclone structure was shown in Figure.1, with the rectangular cross-section of tangential inlet and the recovery tank installed at the bottom.
With the introduction of tetrahedron structure and hexahedral mesh to mesh the cyclone, the grid number was 597,484.
Fig. 1 Structure and grid of cyclone Large Eddy Simulation By using the filtering function to classify the flow structure, and the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations to directly solve the turbulent flow of lager grid scale, large eddy simulation established subgrid stress (SGS) model to contact the large scale vortex and small scale eddies.
Therefore, for the specific structure of the cyclone, the inlet velocity is one of the key factors affecting the separation and recovery efficiency.

The research has demonstrated that a surfaced metal can be divided into the three strata with essentially different structure.
On the fusion line the dendric structure of a surfaced metal develops gradually into the polyhedral grain structure of the heat affected zone.
A, B, C show typical structures of surfaced metal strata mentioned above.
In sample № 3 (Fig. 4 c) the polyhedral grain structure is also to be well-defined.
Cvetkov Modifying structures of a surfaced metal by nano-dispersed carbides of Wolfram. // Physics and chemistry of materials processing, 6, (2009), 41 – 47

Preparation and Luminescent Properties of SrAl2O4:Eu 2+,Dy 3+ Xiao Xu 1,a, Limei Cao1, Danyu Jiang2 and Qiang Li1,b 1 Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062,China 2 Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200062,China a 51050606021@student.ecnu.edu.cn, bqli@chem.ecnu.edu.cn Keywords: Strontium aluminates; Dipping; Afterglow; Luminescence Abstract.
The luminescent properties and the crystal structure were studied in detail.  Long afterglow phosphor is a kind of pigment that absorbs both the ultraviolet and visible lights from the sunlight and then releases the stored energy in the darkness at a certain wavelength.
From the XRD pattern analysis (Fig. 1), it was found that the structure is pure monoclinic phase (a=8.442, b=8.822, c=5.161) without hexagonal phase.

The structures and morphology of the obtained nanocomposites were fully characterized by FT-IR, TGA, SEM and TEM.
Introduction Polyaniline (PANI) has great potential for advanced applications such as organic lightweight batteries, electrochromic display devices, electroluminescent and electrochemical capacitors, due to its excellent environmental stability, ease of synthesis and reversible acid/base doping/dedoping chemistry.
However, Serious aggregation of PNAI often occurs in physical mixing processes, which impeded the application of PANI and the better understanding of the structure-property correlations and the conducting mechanism of PANI [1].

So far, in the literature there are lot of papers about converting calcite and aragonite structures to hydroxyapatite (HA), like corals, sea shells, sea urchin and other sea creatures.
The aim of this study was to produce various natural bioceramic phases with nano-structures (or close to them) from local land snail shells with hotplate and ultrasonic methods.
Hydrothermal transformation of calcitic structures, such as corals, is also very attractive and easily applicable.
Vecchio, Conversation of sea-shells and other calcite-based and agonite-based materials with dense structures into synthetic structures and devices, US patent 2007/0275088 A1, Nov 29, 2007
Del Olma Basterrechea et al., Three-dimensional matrices of structured porous monetite for tissue engineering and bone regeneration, and method for the preparation thereof, United States Patent Application 20110158963, Application Number: 13/002939, Publication Date: 06/30/2011

Effects of surfactant concentration on the microstructures of TiO2 hollow spheres by hydrothermal method Lian-Ying Lua, Lin Xub, Ting-Ting Yinc, Guo-Hong Wang*d College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China allyhbhx@sina.com, b xulin0330@126.com, c 7356583@qq.com, dwanggh2003@163.com Keywords: CTAB, Glucose, TiO2, Hollow spheres Abstract.
This synthesis route may also extend to the preparation of hollow structures of other metal oxides.
Some cavities were occasionally found in some broken microspheres, indicating the structure of hollow spheres.
Ti(Ⅳ) on the surface of carbonaceous polysaccharide microspheres reacted with -OH to yield an incompact titanium dioxide shell whiles the structure like Ti-O-C.
This synthesis route may also extend to the preparation of hollow structures of other metal oxides.

The novel structure was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the superior magnetic property was maintained and helped the material to separation and recycling.
On the other hand, hyperbranched polyamidoamine have many functional groups and large openings in the molecular structure and can be applied to supramolecular chemistry fields, such as adsorption and catalysis.
FT-IR is considered as the effective characterization methods to characterize the chemical structures of hybrid materials.
The morphology structures of Fe3O4@SiO2-h-PAMAM-CD nanoparticles are characterized as the core-shell structure by TEM, which is shown in Fig 3.
(a) (b) Fig.5 (a) Uv-vis spectra of phenol (25mg/L) by addition of 5mg Fe3O4@SiO2-h-PAMAM-CD and (b) phenol adsorption by Fe3O4@SiO2-h-PAMAM-CD as a functional of time Summary A novel β-CD modified Fe3O4 MNPs with core-shell structure was prepared for the adsorptive removal of phenol from aqueous solutions due to host-guest interactions between β-CD and phenol.