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The main role of Nb in flat rolling of low carbon steels is well established: it retards austenite recovery and recrystallization during hot deformation, leading to pancaked microstructures before phase transformation, and as a result, to refined and more homogeneous room temperature microstructures with improved mechanical properties.
This can lead to coarser final product microstructures with impaired mechanical properties, or to the formation of undesired non-equilibrium phases.
Gibbs, A mathematical model to predict the mechanical properties of hot rolled C-Mn and microalloyed steels, ISIJ Int. 32 (1992) 1329-1338
However, the above results indicate that both the nominal Nb in the composition and the reheating temperature may also be important factors regarding growth rate, even if these are not included in the reported models.
Both factors define the balance between Nb in solid solution or in the form of undissolved precipitates.

Nevertheless, it is usually accompanied by a subsequent step—selenization of metallic precursor, which is influenced by many complex factors, and selenide gas (H2Se) also lead to environmental problem.
As a pilot study, we systematically study the effects of substrate temperature, one of the key factors that affect the quality of thin film, on the structure, morphology, composition and electrical property of CIGS films sputtered at low power.
The electrical properties, including the resistivity, carrier concentration and Hall mobility, were determined by Hall-effect measurements (Swin HALL8800).
The influence of the substrate temperature on the CIGS film structure and properties has been studied.
At substrate temperature of 300 ℃, the existence of Cu-rich particles are observed on the surface of CIGS films, which make the properties of the film worse.

By referring to [2], pressure and temperature were the most affecting parameters that shall fully specify the quality of injection moulded part.
According to [3], the most important factor that affects warpage was packing pressure.
Reference [4] had stated that shrinkage was influenced by a number of factors, and the most important factor was packing pressure.
Polypropylene (PP) was chosen as the main material, because of its good mechanical properties and wide range of applications with well balanced properties, and the most important is it has a very good heat resistance [5].
It is famous since it can enhance the properties of polypropylene and many more.

The mechanical properties of ceramic materials are affected by many factors, such as compositions, fabricating conditions (temperature, pressure etc.), equipments, and so on.
These factors, forming complicated mathematical relationship, can be described by data.
His model has achieved good prediction result and ANN is effective in the quantitative prediction of the mechanical properties.
Still there is a distance between simulation and application because the factors influencing the mechanical properties of ceramic material are in large numbers.
Only several factors of them can be simulated at present.

The properties of the binder system were improved by adding modifiers [3,4,5], such as boric acid, citric acid etc.
The magnesium oxide has been used frequently, but it had some weak points to the properties of phosphate sand.
The effects of compound binder on the properties of phosphate no-baked sand have been studied.
The effects of content of iron oxide in curing agent on properties of sand were studied.
[6] Zhang Youshou, Shang Hongfei, Huang Jin，Study on Factors of Affecting Strength and Stability of no Bake Phosphate Inorganic Binder Sand, Journal of Foundry Technology, 2 (2010) pp.137-139 .

The purity and particle size of the source material are important factors for single crystal growth to obtain good quality of AlN single crystal.
Introduction Aluminum Nitride (AlN) has been developed for its physical properties such as good mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, large band gap and high electrical resistivity etc.
(Fig. 1b) The cyclic heat treatment didn’t affect just on the growth of the particle.
The cyclic heat treatment didn’t affect just on the growth of the particle.
The AlN powder could grow up to 30 μm largely by sublimation and recrystallization process, while heating at constant temperature could affect only on growing the cluster size.

Due to the environment, climate, loads and other factors, the pre-stress applied to the beam is not a constant.
Introduction Being economical, applicable and good mechanical properties, the pre-stressed concrete box girder is widely used on highway and city bridges.
Therefore, scholars in China and other countries have made a thorough study of the main causes of bridge defects and found that the pre-stress loss is one of the main factors affecting the strength and stiffness of the pre-stressed concrete bridge in service.
In order to simplify the problem, the pre-stress loss of the beam at different location is regarded as a constant which comprehensively reflects the influence of the internal and external factors involved in pre-stress.
Due to the measured deflection of bridge under different time, temperature and other factors, the value is looked upon as a comprehensive value that is correspond with the particular period of time and particular condition.

These effects that control high temperature formability and the resulting textures and final properties are described.
Besides mechanical properties, anisotropic characteristics are induced by the texture evolving during the fabrication process, down to the finish gauge sheet [14].
Hot rolling can affect also final properties of highly cold rolled products, e.g. in the established can market.
The formation of a strong cube texture is strongly affected by thermo-mechanical effects such as inter-pass recrystallization, especially in modern multi-stand hot rolling lines where relative thin gauges can be rolled at high temperatures and rolling speed.
Their effects control high temperature formability and can help to assess variations and critical process conditions used to optimize textures and resulting hot strip and SPF material properties.

However, there are very few published papers on their mechanical properties and accuracy.
Previous studies have explored the use of metal-polymer composites in 3D printing, highlighting their potential to enhance mechanical properties.
These parameters were chosen due to their significant impact on the mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of the printed parts.
The results highlight the importance of precise parameter control in enhancing the mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed objects.
Previous studies have shown that honeycomb patterns generally offer superior mechanical properties due to their efficient load distribution.

Introduction Composite materials used in aircraft structure withstand not only complex fatigue load, but also withstand temperature, humidity, and other harsh environmental factors.
Carbon fibers themselves do not absorb moisture, and their physical properties remain unaffected.
Costa et al [4] also indicated that moisture absorption has been shown to lead to general reduction of the mechanical properties of composites.
Cândido et al [5] also reported that the degradation of physical and mechanical properties has been found to depend primarily on the total amount of moisture absorbed.
The Residual Bending Strength Test With an increase in the number of loading cycles, the accumulation of damage leads to a change in the macroscopic mechanical properties of the composite material, such as the degradation of strength or stiffness of the material [10].