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The microstructure of FGH95 alloy with standard heat-treatment is uniform and the average grain size is about ASTM 10, as shown in Fig. 1a.
Therefore, these primary γ′ phase inhibit the grain growth during long-term aging.
(b) (a) (d) (c) Fig. 1 Microstructure of FGH95 after long-term aging by OM (a) standard heat treatment, (b) 550°C/1500h, (c) 650°C/1500h, (d) 700°C/500h After standard heat-treatment, there are γ′ phases precipitating during solution and aging locate at the grain boundary and inner grain (Fig. 2a).
Aging at 550°C, following with the increase of aging time, the content of γ′ phase keep stable, and the number is about 47%.
At 650°C, the grain boundary is weaker than grain, and the cracks origin from grain boundary, therefore, the precipitation of tertiary γ′ phase is in favor of inhibiting the spread of cracks.

However, a number of porosities was obvious in the welding metal.
The microstructure of the weld metal in the FZ regions bordering the base metal exhibited fine cellular dendritic, a number of porosities and some micro shrinkages formed in the weld meta, which are typical defects due to the solidification process [2,4].
Grain boundary dissolved precipitate (b) (a) Cored dendrites Fig. 3.
The microstructure towards the center of weld metal solidified as equiaxed grains with the presence of porosity and shrinkage during solidification.
In the HAZ regions, the larger participate size compared to the BM, associated with the dissolved grain boundary, caused the hardness to drop approximately 27%.

The diameter of a single grain is about 7~8 μm, and there are irregular small grain aggregates on the surface of the sample.
The morphology of the S41-A2 is more regular, and the grain size is slightly decreased.
The grain size of S41-A3 decreased significantly, and the diameter of a single grain was about 2~3 μm.
The difference in the number of nuclei eventually leads to difference in the grain size of the samples.
The number and distribution of B acid sites in the samples are shown in Table 4.

Despite the existence of a certain similarity among the values of pitting potentials obtained for all samples, the number of pits observed was higher in the as-received sample, followed by the samples with 60 and 80% reduction.
These lamellae appear as approximately parallel-lined grains from the early stages of deformation.
Dense dislocation walls bounded by free dislocations in austenite grain interior resulting from relatively low SFE of austenite (Fig. 3(b).
One direct observation for Fig. 3(a) is the grain size of austenite and ferrite, of around 6 mm.
Prior high angle grain boundaries indicated by red arrows. 3.5 Tensile and hardness tests.

A number of studies have shown that these zinc–aluminium–magnesium alloys can apparently give increased corrosion protection in standard industry corrosion tests [8-10].
The grain size of fast cooling Zn-0.5Al, Zn-0.5Al-0.1Mg and Zn-0.5Al-0.3Mg are 52.9µm, 22.3µm and 17.6µm.
This is due to the insufficient time for the grain in fast cooling zinc alloys to grow.
This is due to microstructure of fast cooling Zn-0.5Al-0.3Mg has the smaller grain size (~17.6µm), whereas slow cooling Zn-0.5Al has the bigger grain size (~105 µm) as shown in Fig 4.
Both increasing cooling rate and Mg addition decrease the grain size in Zn-Al alloy.

The grey light component corresponds to the grains of (β + αsec) phase [1].
The dark grey components are the grains of α primary phase (αp) of the Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy.
The value of c is equal to 1 if the grain is equiaxial.
Biphasic alloy is obtained in the second stage of forging conducted at a lower temperature producing refined β cubic grains and lamellar hexagonal αp, transforming the primary lamellar hexagonal αp in nodular grains.
Four levels of deformation were studied; the reference numbers (E1, E2, E3, E4) present the increase of the plastic strain.

As the amount of Al increases, the number of dense oxide films on the surface of the coating increases, increasing the antioxidant capacity of the coating.
And the grain size became larger with the increased Al content.
In image a, the obvious gaps appeared between the grains in the coating surface, and the accumulations were irregular.
As the Al content increased, the crystal particles sizes were significantly larger and dense, which with a large number of polyhedral particles among the triangular pyramid grains.
Large number of oxides was formed on the matrix surface after oxidation at 800°C.

Osteoclasts isolated from rabbits were cultured on zinc-containing tricalcium phosphate (ZnTCP) disks with zinc contents of 0.316 and 0.633 wt%, and on β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) disks with nearly identical porosities, grain sizes and surface roughnesses.
These disks have nearly identical porosities, grain sizes and surface roughnesses.
ZnTCP induced a higher number of apoptotic osteoclasts than TCP (Fig. 2).
After cultivation for 6 hours, the ratio of the number of apoptotic osteoclasts to the total number of osteoclasts was higher in the ZnTCP633 group (7.8±5.1%) than in the TCP group (3.8±3.2%).
* 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 62 4 Time (hours) Apoptotic osteoclasts(%) TCP ZnTCP316 ZnTCP633 * * * 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 62 4 Time (hours) Apoptotic osteoclasts(%) TCP ZnTCP316 ZnTCP633 TCP ZnTCP316 ZnTCP633 * * Fig. 1 DAPI (A), TUNEL (B), TRAP (C) and Fig. 2 Ratio of number of apoptotic triple stainings (D) of an apoptotic osteoclasts to total number of osteoclast.

Within, , , , , , from node on the layer to thenode on the layer, the Fig. 1 Neural network with multi-input layers , within, connection weight number is : , from the node on the second input layer to the node on the third layer, the connection weight number is: .
There are many methods of adjusting the connection weight number, but in this paper we use the steepest descent method.
Single grain size is used as grain size.
In the references, [5] use three-layer BP neural network model, the number of hidden nodes is 60, and the neural network model is the neural network type.
Acknowleddgments This project was supported by the National Overseas Foundation of China(the grant number is 2002[16])and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi provice(the grant number is 2006011039) References [1] Zengqi Sun, “Theory and Technology Intelligent Control,” Beijing, Tsinghua University,1997

The microstructure has undergone grain rearrangement, while a cellular-type grain structure has formed in the horizontal plane.
The width of the cellular grain structure corresponds to the melt pool width (~110 μm), similarly to that measured in the as-built alloy, while the average grain size is still unchanged.
Low solution annealing at 1040 ᵒC leads to a slightly coarser grain structure (Figs. 3c, g), but the average grain size is still low (~25 μm in the horizontal plane).
In the vertical plane, equiaxed grains start to appear, but a number of columnar grains are still present.
The grains are equiaxed, with an average grain size of 40 and 50 μm in the XY and ZX planes, respectively, which is quite different from the as-built columnar grain morphology.