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China Keywords: Concrete-filled steel tube; Reliability; Material nonlinearity; Geometrical nonlinearity.
For reliability analysis of concrete structures, to avoid underdesigning or overdesigning of RC columns, material nonlinearity should not be neglected [5].
The material properties given in Example 1 are also adopted.
Han, Concrete-filled steel tubular structures, Science Publishing House., Beijing, China, 2000 (in Chinese)
Morley, Arc-length method for passing limit points in structural calculation, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1992, 118: 169-185

Nevertheless, corrosion-resistant materials lack the economic viability to completely replace mild steel as the preferred material.
Materials and Corrosion, 70(6), (2019) 1111-1119
Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 13(3), (2023) 469-490
Materials 14(21) (2021) 6596. https:// doi. org/ 10.3390/ ma142 16596 [40] P.Kumari and M.
Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies ;8(sup3), (2022) 1227-44

Paid CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum-695019, Kerala Email: a arshaag@gmail.com, b ejkumar@yahoo.com, c tpdrajan@gmail.com, dbcpai12@rediffmail.com Keywords: Functionally Graded Material, Aluminum, Piston, Centrifugal casting Abstract.
Introduction Functionally graded materials (FGM) are one of the potential advanced materials systems, which find growing interest among component designers and fabricators due to the possibility of achieving location specific microstructure and properties within an engineering component.
Pai, Development in manufacturing processes of functionally graded materials, IJAEA Volume II, Issue 5, 2009 (64-74)
Wang, Modeling the solidification of functionally graded materials by centrifugal casting, Materials Science and Engineering A292 37(7), 2000 (207–215)
Rana, Rajesh Purohit, S.Das, Review of recent Studies in Al matrix composites, International Journal of scientific and Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 6, June -2012,ISSN (2229-5518).

The cost of conventional building materials continue to increase as the majority of the population continues to fall below the poverty line.
The search has led to the discovery of the potentials of using industrial by-products and agricultural wastes as cementitious materials.
Material Science, 17:42-61
Elements of Soil Mechanics, Seventh Edition, Blackwell Science, London
Sawdust ash as concrete materials.

To find the optimal cladding material,a single-throw of 2015 crankshaft (the base material is 45#) was established , then we did simulation repair studies on the three different cladding materials that used in the cracks of the transition corner ,the transition corner was fixed at 45 degrees off the crank arm.
According to the temperature field formed by the three materials, Ni60’s temperature value in the center of the axis is highest, when Fe55s’ is lowest.
Above on the evidences, the residual stress in Fe55 is smaller than the other two materials.
Materials Science, 2010,24 (2) :112-116.
Journal of Tianjin university of technology, 2003, 22 (5) : 9-12.

Furthermore, it also produces other problems such as the high consumption of materials and power [1-3].
With the developing of economy and technology, students who major in materials science are demanded to own not only solid foundation for a broad range of knowledge, but also strong practical, innovation abilities and good overall quality [4-6].
On the basis of other prior professional courses including "Fundamentals of Materials Science" "Metal Material and Heat Treatment", "Metallurgical Testing Technology", the educational reform is strengthened on the course "Carbon Steel Heat Treatment Experiment".
After optimization design, the experimental contents include multiple metal materials and more varieties of heat treatments.
Estreicher: Journal of Beijing Union University(Natural Sciences).

Facile Self-Assembly Synthesis of Hierarchical 3D Flowerlike Calcium Citrate Microspheres Junfeng Li1, a *, Yang Gao1,b, Liangzhao Zhong1,c, Yuqing Liu1,d, Hengquan Liu1,e, Qin Zou2,f and Xuefei Lai3,g 1Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, P.R.
It is believed that the self-assembly 3D flowerlike calciferous microspheres can be applied in biomedical materials or other fields.
Wang, Self-assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles around the pores of PES ultrafiltration membrane for mitigating organic fouling, Journal of Membrane Science. 467 (2014) 226-235
Gao, Large-scale synthesis of hierarchical flowerlike boehmite architectures, Journal of Environmental Sciences. 23 (2011) 49-52
Chauhan, Surfactant assisted self-assembly of zinc 5,10-bis (4-pyridyl)-15,20-bis (4-octadecyloxyphenyl) porphyrin into supramolecular nanoarchitectures, Materials Science and Engineering: C. 43 (2014) 447-457

The aim of this study is to find out the mechanical properties and tensile and impact strength of items produced by using three different commercially available materials; two WPC materials containing wood flour, and pure polylactic acid (PLA) as reference material.
Materials and Methods The reference material was PLA PrintPlus 1.75 mm Natural filament supplied by 3Dfactories.
The wood-filled materials showed weaker performance.
The printed specimen also appeared more flexible compared to the two other materials used.
Wright, Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS, Rapid Prototyping Journal. 8 (2002) 248-257

Reis: Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine (2002), 1181-1188 [7] R.
Correia: Journal of Materials ScienceMaterials in Medicine (1997), 897-905 [8] A.
L.: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (1999), 827 [9] T.
Reis: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine (2004), 533- 540 [11] R.
Cunha: Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine (1995), 786- 792 [12] M.

The development of multi-scale modeling methods reveals to be of undeniable practical importance, especially to describe and predict the mechanical properties of structural materials.
Moreover, Graphene with its higher mechanical properties can be regarded as a reinforcing matrix material.
[2] Neugebauer R. et al.: Journal of Multiscale Modelling, vol.3, n°1&2, 2011, p.39–47
[3] Kamali-Bernard S. et al.: Computational Materials Science, vol.47, 2009, p.178–185 [4] Bernard F. et al.: Cement and Concrete Research, vol.38, 2008, p. 449–458 [5] Speziale S. et al.: Cement and Concrete Research, vol.38, 2008, p.1148–1153
[15] Berryman J.G.: Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2005(53):2141–2173