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The focus of this study is to compare the experimental measured thermal behavior of traditional and waste materials in residential buildings with simulation results.
It means that waste materials in southern walls could decrease 0.9% to 4.1% of indoor temperature compared with traditional materials.
This validation is considered an initial step to study the effect of using waste materials in the residential buildings envelope, which is applied in walls brick [[] Senthil Kumar, Study of Properties of Geopolymer Eco Bricks, Journal of Civil Engineering 5 (2015), pp. 139-148. ,[] Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Noor Amira Sarani, An Overview of Wastes Recycling in Fired Clay Bricks, International Journal of Integrated Engineering 4 (2012) pp. 53-69. ], and is also considered as a method to improve energy efficiency instead of using traditional materials.
To simulate the thermal conditions, the materials were defined in Design Builder as the same materials implemented in the experimental model, Fig. 3 shows the section of rooms elements in Design Builder a) The walls section of room0 (RO), b) The southern wall section of room1 (R1), c) the roof section of room0 (R0) and room1 (R1).
It is concluded that Design-Builder is a suitable simulation software to predict indoor temperature, which is depending on accurate input data for building such as the used materials U value and type of ventilation.

Alghamdi, New trends and advances in bi-metal casting technologies, International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences. 6, 2, (2019) 75-80
Tenerowicz, Bimetallic layer castings, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. 43: 1 (2010) 385-391
[6] G.C.Pratt, Bearing Materials: Plain Bearings, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, (Second Edition)book, Elsevier . 2001
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 48(2): (2011)118-125
Kang, and D-Y Shih, Oxidation Study of Pure Tin and Its Alloys via Electrochemical Reduction Analysis, Journal of Electronic Materials. 34,5 (2005) 635-642

An Experimental Study on Flexural-tensile Property of Cement Stabilized Coal Gangue Roadbase Materials Huzhu Zhang 1, a Yuan Fang2,b 1 School of Traffic Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China 2 Department of Landscape & Urban Design, Changchun Institute of Urban Planning & Design, Changchun, 130033, China azhanghuzhu@126.com, b806417615 @qq.com Keywords: Cement stabilized coal gangue; Roadbase materials; Cement dosage; Flexural-tensile strength; Flexural-tensile modulus Abstract.
The study on flexural-tensile property of coal gangue road base materials has not been reported.
Raw materials Raw materials’ property. (1) Coal gangue.
WU, et al: Journal of Building Materials, Vol. 137(2010), p. 214 [3] W.H.
ZHANG: Highway building materials (China Communications Press, China 2004)

Modeling and Control with Hysteresis of Piezoelectric Smart Materials Actuators Yanmei Liu 1, a, Zhen Chen2, b, Xuezheng Zhuang 1,c , Zhaohui Liu 1,d 1 Department of Automation, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China 2 Liaoning province transmission and substation engineering company, Shenyang 110021, China alymcml@126.com, bchenzhensy@126.com, clymlczlymlcz@163.com,ddsbcz@126.com Keywords: Piezoelectric smart materials, Hysteresis, Inversion Model, Adaptive control.
Hysteresis hinders the effective use of piezoelectric smart materials in sensors and actuators.
Introduction Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) as a piezoelectric smart materials is discovered by Oguro and his co-workers [1].
However like other smart materials, IPMC as a sort of piezoelectric actuator has the disadvantage of hysteresis behaviors [2].
Atherton, "Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis:' Journal of Mognetism and Magnetic Material, 1986,Vol.61, pp.48–60.

Low-cost alternative adsorbents to conventional adsorbents refer to those materials with high to moderate adsorption capacity obtained from natural materials at very low or no cost.
These materials can be made of plant or non-plant based (Fig. 3).
Journal of Cotton Science, 11 (2007) 141-153
Shanthakumar, (2015), Efficacy of Moringa Oleifera and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) as coagulants for removal of congo red dye from aqueous solution, Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 6(6) (2015) 1672-1677
Development of nanoporous textile sludge based adsorbent for dye removal for industrial textile effluent, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 422 (2022) 126864

P Smith, “Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nonwoven Insulating Materials, “Textile Research Journal, 56, 691-696, 1986
[10] The Science and Engineering of Materials by D.
Idris, “Analysis of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Selected Fabrics”, International Journal of Textile Science, 2 (3), 49-58, 2013
Smith, “Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nonwoven Insulating Materials”, Textile Research Institute Journal, November 1, 691-696, 1986
“Effect of Layer Orientation of Mechanical Properties of Rapid Prototyped Samples,” Journal of Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol 15(1), 2000, pp. 107-122

Developments of Solar Cell Materials and Fabrication Technology and Their Effects on Energy Conversion Efficiency Yindong Yang, Paul Wu, Jason Deng, Mansoor Barati and Alex McLean Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto,184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E4 E-mail: yindongyang@yahoo.com Keywords: Solar cell materials, Solar grade silicon, Energy conversion efficiency, Photovoltaic industry Abstract.
Many factors, such as, materials, material purity, temperature, can affect energy efficiency.
Materials Structures Efficiency [%] Availability Toxicity Ref.
There are two active materials.
Green: Journal of Material Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol. 18 (2007), No. 1, pp. 15-19

The present paper comprehensively reviews non contact nondestructive testing (NDT) methods in use around the world for the solid materials.
(4) This kind of detection is only applicable to metal materials.
The laser ultrasonic detection technology has been applied very well in metal, composite materials and pottery.
However, ultrasonic detection frequency is relatively low and only suitable for detecting part of the materials.
[11] Zhao Y, Jia Z Q, Guo R, Ma J, Song J F, Sun J H, Liu S, A novel laser-EMAT system for noncontact testing metal materials, Applied Mechanics and Materials. 281(2013), p. 422-425

It was first created by NEMA from the basic materials in 1968 [16].
To analysis the variation of S11-parameter by changing the substrate materials which have permittivity almost near to FR-4, a comparison is shown in Fig. 6.
Table 3 shows the list of the materials used in the comparison.
Table 3: Dielectric properties of different substrate materials Substrate Materials Relative Permittivity Loss tangent Rogers TMM 4 (tm) 4.5 0.002 Arlon AD450 (tm) 4.5 0.0035 FR-4 4.6 0.02 Bakelite 4.8 0.002 Fig. 6.
Misran, "Dual polarized microstrip patch antenna for Ku-band application," Informacije MIDEM-Journal of Microelectronics Electronic Components and Materials, vol. 41, pp. 114-117, 2011

Khor, Thermal processing of hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone composites, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 89-90 (1999) 462- 466
Mohammed, Tensile and Buckling Analysis of Polymeric Composite Columns, Basrah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 14(2014)176-188
Zhongwen, The Measurements of Crystallinity Degree of PEEK, Chinese Journal Of Materials Research, 10(1996)205-209
Duan, Thermal, Crystalline, and Tribological Properties of PEEK/PEI/PES Plastics Alloys, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 127(2013)2220-2226
Yang, Multifold Interface and Multilevel Crack Propagation Mechanisms of Graphene Oxide/Polyurethane/Epoxy Membranes Interlaminar-Toughened Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites, Journal of Materials Science 53(2018)15939-15951