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Online since: September 2013
Authors: De Hai Chen, Wei Feng Chao
At present, the control based on the MAP graph is used usually, but this control method has some shortages, for example larger data, poor adaptive capacity and difficulties in data updating.
However, the method has some shortages, such as larger data, poor adaptive capacity, difficulties in data updating and the parameter changes after engine wears.
But it is (hard) heavy working and need a large quantity of data to (make) establish such a database.
(The) this method of MAP chart control has some shortages, for example larger data, poor adaptive capacity and difficulties in data updating.
(huge data, bad self-learning ability and difficulties in updating data.) 3 The Structure of Ignition Advance Angle Control System Based on BP Neural Network There is a CNG car ignition advance angle control system.
However, the method has some shortages, such as larger data, poor adaptive capacity, difficulties in data updating and the parameter changes after engine wears.
But it is (hard) heavy working and need a large quantity of data to (make) establish such a database.
(The) this method of MAP chart control has some shortages, for example larger data, poor adaptive capacity and difficulties in data updating.
(huge data, bad self-learning ability and difficulties in updating data.) 3 The Structure of Ignition Advance Angle Control System Based on BP Neural Network There is a CNG car ignition advance angle control system.
Online since: September 2017
Authors: Yu Xue Chen, Ming Hui Shao, Zhen Zhi He
This paper presents a new method, called data fitting method based on numerical results, to calculate the contact deformation between logarithmical crowned roller and raceway of rolling bearings.
They comparatively analyzed some calculation equations of line contact deformation, and also conducted deformation tests to provide supporting data.
However, it can be seen from the test data that the deformations on the light load conditions are affected by radius and length of the roller, to some degree.
Data fitting method for contact deformation is focused on the logarithmic crowned roller-raceway contact pair with general dimension just under low or medium load condition in this paper.
Furthermore, data fitting method based on the numerical results can be used for the calculation of contact deformation between roller with arbitrary surface and raceway theoretically.
They comparatively analyzed some calculation equations of line contact deformation, and also conducted deformation tests to provide supporting data.
However, it can be seen from the test data that the deformations on the light load conditions are affected by radius and length of the roller, to some degree.
Data fitting method for contact deformation is focused on the logarithmic crowned roller-raceway contact pair with general dimension just under low or medium load condition in this paper.
Furthermore, data fitting method based on the numerical results can be used for the calculation of contact deformation between roller with arbitrary surface and raceway theoretically.
Online since: January 2016
Authors: Siti Zuliana Salleh, Zulkifli Ahmad, Hanafi Ismail
This is because both fillers are non-deformable solid and thus give rise to reduction of deformable rubber portion with increasing filler loadings.
This can be related to the processing difficulty with more filler in the blends as proven in previous data, ML.
Apart from the dilution effect, the reduction of tensile strength also can be related to high filler-filler interaction.
The addition of CB caused a drastic EB reduction even at 10 phr.
On the other hand, 10 phr of silanized-silica showed an optimum EB before further loadings and caused reduction trend in EB.
This can be related to the processing difficulty with more filler in the blends as proven in previous data, ML.
Apart from the dilution effect, the reduction of tensile strength also can be related to high filler-filler interaction.
The addition of CB caused a drastic EB reduction even at 10 phr.
On the other hand, 10 phr of silanized-silica showed an optimum EB before further loadings and caused reduction trend in EB.
Online since: August 2016
Authors: Marion Merklein, Bastian Zimmermann
The drawn wire has the advantage that the formability is better than for the wire rod, because of the lower level of cross-section reduction of the last drawing process after the annealing.
Also in most cases, the standard material data and friction parameters from the databank of the FE program are used to describe the flow conditions of the material for the cold forging process.
The annealed specimens of the investigation comply with the real wire state of drawing, annealing and a drawing with very low reduction of cross section.
This corresponds to a cross-section reduction of about 17.30 %.
Thereby the cup height ratio is given through h1/h2 and the reduction in the internal diameter through (d1d0)/d0.
Also in most cases, the standard material data and friction parameters from the databank of the FE program are used to describe the flow conditions of the material for the cold forging process.
The annealed specimens of the investigation comply with the real wire state of drawing, annealing and a drawing with very low reduction of cross section.
This corresponds to a cross-section reduction of about 17.30 %.
Thereby the cup height ratio is given through h1/h2 and the reduction in the internal diameter through (d1d0)/d0.
Online since: April 2012
Authors: Dieter Lung, Fritz Klocke, A. Krämer
At 650 °C it decreases only by approximately 20 per cent to 1100 N/mm2 [[] MatWeb: Material property data of special metals Inconel alloy 718, (2009) available from http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?
The effects of the high-pressure lubricoolant supply can be summarized as follows: (a) reduction of tool wear and possibility to increase cutting parameters, due to the reduction of chip-tool contact length or friction [12] respectively and reduction in thermal tool load (b) defined chip breakage [[] J.
The maximum reduction of tool temperature was about 25 per cent compared with conventional flood cooling (from approximately 750 °C to 580 °C).
Lower tool temperature with increasing lubricoolant supply pressure can be explained by enhanced cooling and lubrication close to the cutting edge due to the reduction of the tool-chip contact area.
The reduction of flank wear can be attributed to the lower tool temperature (up to 25 per cent) during machining with the high-pressure lubricoolant supply which allows enhanced cutting speeds.
The effects of the high-pressure lubricoolant supply can be summarized as follows: (a) reduction of tool wear and possibility to increase cutting parameters, due to the reduction of chip-tool contact length or friction [12] respectively and reduction in thermal tool load (b) defined chip breakage [[] J.
The maximum reduction of tool temperature was about 25 per cent compared with conventional flood cooling (from approximately 750 °C to 580 °C).
Lower tool temperature with increasing lubricoolant supply pressure can be explained by enhanced cooling and lubrication close to the cutting edge due to the reduction of the tool-chip contact area.
The reduction of flank wear can be attributed to the lower tool temperature (up to 25 per cent) during machining with the high-pressure lubricoolant supply which allows enhanced cutting speeds.
Online since: May 2022
Authors: Irfan Shah, Rohana Adnan, Najm Us Saqib, Saifullahi Shehu Imam, Nur Farah Waheed Tajudeen
Statistical data shows that approximately 1 million tons of dyes were produced annually [1], and among the organic dyes produced, cationic and anionic dyes made up about 50–70% of total world dye production [2].
Meanwhile, the reduction in COD values for synthetic wastewater was more pronounced and reached 81.0 and 66.7% for FeAC and AC, respectively.
On the other hand, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the COD reduction for FeAC increased to 89.7 and 90.5% for both industrial and synthetic wastewater, respectively.
As expected, no significant change was observed in the tap water samples for COD reduction, although a slight COD value was observed using AC/H2O2.
In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the FeAC behaved as a Fenton catalyst and resulted in COD reduction of as much as 90%.
Meanwhile, the reduction in COD values for synthetic wastewater was more pronounced and reached 81.0 and 66.7% for FeAC and AC, respectively.
On the other hand, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the COD reduction for FeAC increased to 89.7 and 90.5% for both industrial and synthetic wastewater, respectively.
As expected, no significant change was observed in the tap water samples for COD reduction, although a slight COD value was observed using AC/H2O2.
In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the FeAC behaved as a Fenton catalyst and resulted in COD reduction of as much as 90%.
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Elita Amrina, Titut Eryanto
Hence, it is needed an innovation to optimize the CO2 emission reduction.
The reduction of energy consumption indicates the reduction of CO2 emission produced.
The low carbon can be achieved by applying the CO2 emissions reduction which is similar to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), energy efficiency, and diversification to develop the renewable energy.
In order to achieve the company’s vission and mission, PT Semen Padang develop an integrated management system as the guidance for all company’s activities, and transformed into nine aspects consisting of effectivity and efficiency, sustainability and innovation, quality, occupational health and safety; environmental, security, legally, data accuration, and corporate social responsibility.
Cement Technology Roadmap 2009: Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050.
The reduction of energy consumption indicates the reduction of CO2 emission produced.
The low carbon can be achieved by applying the CO2 emissions reduction which is similar to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), energy efficiency, and diversification to develop the renewable energy.
In order to achieve the company’s vission and mission, PT Semen Padang develop an integrated management system as the guidance for all company’s activities, and transformed into nine aspects consisting of effectivity and efficiency, sustainability and innovation, quality, occupational health and safety; environmental, security, legally, data accuration, and corporate social responsibility.
Cement Technology Roadmap 2009: Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050.
Online since: September 2003
Authors: Albrecht Winnacker, Matthias Bickermann, Dieter Hofmann, Thomas L. Straubinger, Roland Weingärtner
GDMS analysis at the interface between areas with and without
precipitation (see below) prove the V solubility limit to be at about 5 × 1017 cm-3 in correspondence
with literature data [4].
Although the crystal's total height was 18.3 mm, due to significant compensation by nitrogen Hall effect data could not be acquired above 12 mm height.
Height above ∆E [meV] calc. from Hall data Hall data, extrapolated to 293 K the seed [mm] from nHall(T) from 1/ρ(T) n [cm -3 ] ρ [Ωcm] µ [cm²/Vs] 2.5 852 805 4.0 × 106 2.1 × 1010 77.5 5.7 777 786 7.7 × 106 1.8 × 1010 46.0 7.3 733 734 1.0 × 108 1.7 × 109 37.6 12.1 (340) 467 (9.8 × 108 ) 9.8 × 108 (6.5) As long as vanadium compensates shallow nitrogen donors, i.e.
Values extrapolated from high temperature Hall effect data in the range of 1015…1018 Ωcm have been already reported for those samples [2,7].
Charge carrier concentration n(RT) at 293 K is linearly extrapolated from the high temperature Hall effect data.
Although the crystal's total height was 18.3 mm, due to significant compensation by nitrogen Hall effect data could not be acquired above 12 mm height.
Height above ∆E [meV] calc. from Hall data Hall data, extrapolated to 293 K the seed [mm] from nHall(T) from 1/ρ(T) n [cm -3 ] ρ [Ωcm] µ [cm²/Vs] 2.5 852 805 4.0 × 106 2.1 × 1010 77.5 5.7 777 786 7.7 × 106 1.8 × 1010 46.0 7.3 733 734 1.0 × 108 1.7 × 109 37.6 12.1 (340) 467 (9.8 × 108 ) 9.8 × 108 (6.5) As long as vanadium compensates shallow nitrogen donors, i.e.
Values extrapolated from high temperature Hall effect data in the range of 1015…1018 Ωcm have been already reported for those samples [2,7].
Charge carrier concentration n(RT) at 293 K is linearly extrapolated from the high temperature Hall effect data.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Shu Ru Liu, Wan Ying Cai
The paper selected 12 years of data and analyzed the development level of industry ecologicalization quantitatively.
% B10 industrial soot emissions compliance rate % B11 industrial dust emissions compliance rate % A4 ecological protection level B12 ratio of environmental pollution control investment to GDP % B13 investment completed of pollution control projects this year 10000 RMB B14 product output of Three Waste utilization 10000 RMB A5 economic and social development level B15 contribution rate of total assets of industrial enterprises above designated size % B16 total profits of industrial enterprises above designated size 100 million Comprehensive Evaluation Data Source and Standardization In this paper, the data mainly came from China Environment Statistical Yearbook and Shaanxi Provincial Statistical Yearbook.
To eliminate the effects of different dimensions, the paper took the Z-Score method to normalize the raw data, results are shown in Table 2: Table 2 Standardized data from 2001 to 2012 of Shaanxi 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ZB1 1.7655 1.7918 0.9476 -0.490 0.2220 -0.028 -0.226 -0.543 -0.556 -0.767 -1.017 -1.097 ZB2 1.5467 1.3509 0.9975 0.8474 0.3076 -0.034 -0.204 -0.632 -0.755 -0.970 -1.154 -1.298 ZB3 1.8544 1.3619 1.0439 0.6157 0.2163 -0.285 -0.388 -0.755 -0.760 -0.941 -0.956 -1.003 ZB4 1.7797 1.4004 1.1573 -0.360 0.4860 -0.098 -0.102 -0.465 -0.511 -0.888 -1.137 -1.258 ZB5 1.4748 1.6886 1.1383 0.3590 -0.232 -0.769 -0.930 -0.255 0.0435 -0.257 -0.709 -1.549 ZB6 -0.132 2.7003 1.1143 0.0837 -0.051 -0.073 -0.215 -0.530 -0.643 -0.716 -0.756 -0.778 ZB7 -1.985 -1.407 -0.878 -0.123 0.0535 -0.508 0.5992 0.7758 0.6956 0.8240 1.0006 0.9524 ZB8 -1.007 -1.201 -0.356 -0.520 -1.402 -0.611 -0.125 0.6713 0.8051 1.1821 1.2368 1.3280 ZB9 -1.158 -0.920 -1.023 -1.067 -0.913
-0.004 0.2173 0.1263 1.0171 1.0430 1.4129 1.2689 ZB10 -1.637 -1.292 -0.686 -0.589 -1.055 0.4884 0.2946 0.3431 0.9849 1.0212 1.0515 1.0757 ZB11 -1.789 -1.166 -1.001 -0.768 -0.655 0.4325 0.4892 0.812 0.8292 0.9142 0.9482 0.9539 ZB12 1.2645 1.481 1.0047 -0.164 -0.705 -0.813 -0.272 -0.467 0.2904 1.0264 -1.527 -1.116 ZB13 -1.067 -1.005 -0.781 -0.793 -0.067 -0.597 -0.365 -0.270 0.719 2.0192 1.0306 1.1775 ZB14 -0.707 -1.044 -0.932 -0.908 -0.862 -0.433 0.1074 -0.199 0.6447 1.2680 1.4911 1.5764 ZB15 -1.817 -1.604 -1.082 -0.118 0.2149 0.5328 0.7152 0.7412 -0.256 0.6630 1.1060 0.9054 ZB16 -1.015 -0.970 -0.883 -0.744 -0.557 -0.390 -0.181 0.0357 0.2248 0.9804 1.5799 1.9208 Applicability Test On the basis of standardized data, the paper used KMO measure and Bartlett's test of sphericity to inspect the correlation between variables.
Results showed that KMO value is 0.732, significant of Bartlett's test of sphericity is 0.000 which is less than the given level 0.05, illustrated that the data is related and suitable for doing component analysis.
% B10 industrial soot emissions compliance rate % B11 industrial dust emissions compliance rate % A4 ecological protection level B12 ratio of environmental pollution control investment to GDP % B13 investment completed of pollution control projects this year 10000 RMB B14 product output of Three Waste utilization 10000 RMB A5 economic and social development level B15 contribution rate of total assets of industrial enterprises above designated size % B16 total profits of industrial enterprises above designated size 100 million Comprehensive Evaluation Data Source and Standardization In this paper, the data mainly came from China Environment Statistical Yearbook and Shaanxi Provincial Statistical Yearbook.
To eliminate the effects of different dimensions, the paper took the Z-Score method to normalize the raw data, results are shown in Table 2: Table 2 Standardized data from 2001 to 2012 of Shaanxi 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ZB1 1.7655 1.7918 0.9476 -0.490 0.2220 -0.028 -0.226 -0.543 -0.556 -0.767 -1.017 -1.097 ZB2 1.5467 1.3509 0.9975 0.8474 0.3076 -0.034 -0.204 -0.632 -0.755 -0.970 -1.154 -1.298 ZB3 1.8544 1.3619 1.0439 0.6157 0.2163 -0.285 -0.388 -0.755 -0.760 -0.941 -0.956 -1.003 ZB4 1.7797 1.4004 1.1573 -0.360 0.4860 -0.098 -0.102 -0.465 -0.511 -0.888 -1.137 -1.258 ZB5 1.4748 1.6886 1.1383 0.3590 -0.232 -0.769 -0.930 -0.255 0.0435 -0.257 -0.709 -1.549 ZB6 -0.132 2.7003 1.1143 0.0837 -0.051 -0.073 -0.215 -0.530 -0.643 -0.716 -0.756 -0.778 ZB7 -1.985 -1.407 -0.878 -0.123 0.0535 -0.508 0.5992 0.7758 0.6956 0.8240 1.0006 0.9524 ZB8 -1.007 -1.201 -0.356 -0.520 -1.402 -0.611 -0.125 0.6713 0.8051 1.1821 1.2368 1.3280 ZB9 -1.158 -0.920 -1.023 -1.067 -0.913
-0.004 0.2173 0.1263 1.0171 1.0430 1.4129 1.2689 ZB10 -1.637 -1.292 -0.686 -0.589 -1.055 0.4884 0.2946 0.3431 0.9849 1.0212 1.0515 1.0757 ZB11 -1.789 -1.166 -1.001 -0.768 -0.655 0.4325 0.4892 0.812 0.8292 0.9142 0.9482 0.9539 ZB12 1.2645 1.481 1.0047 -0.164 -0.705 -0.813 -0.272 -0.467 0.2904 1.0264 -1.527 -1.116 ZB13 -1.067 -1.005 -0.781 -0.793 -0.067 -0.597 -0.365 -0.270 0.719 2.0192 1.0306 1.1775 ZB14 -0.707 -1.044 -0.932 -0.908 -0.862 -0.433 0.1074 -0.199 0.6447 1.2680 1.4911 1.5764 ZB15 -1.817 -1.604 -1.082 -0.118 0.2149 0.5328 0.7152 0.7412 -0.256 0.6630 1.1060 0.9054 ZB16 -1.015 -0.970 -0.883 -0.744 -0.557 -0.390 -0.181 0.0357 0.2248 0.9804 1.5799 1.9208 Applicability Test On the basis of standardized data, the paper used KMO measure and Bartlett's test of sphericity to inspect the correlation between variables.
Results showed that KMO value is 0.732, significant of Bartlett's test of sphericity is 0.000 which is less than the given level 0.05, illustrated that the data is related and suitable for doing component analysis.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Ling Liu
The method and essential technology of utilizing modularization design in product recycling are also explored and summarized, and it is argued that the possible benefits include pollution reduction, energy conservation and environmental protection.
Compared with traditional approaches, modularization design has higher requirements for waste material reduction, energy reduction and material consumption.
When all the modules are programmed according to certain rules, the combination and assessment of modules through digital assembling ensures that a product’s data configuration is made very convenient.
Compared with traditional approaches, modularization design has higher requirements for waste material reduction, energy reduction and material consumption.
When all the modules are programmed according to certain rules, the combination and assessment of modules through digital assembling ensures that a product’s data configuration is made very convenient.