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The characterization of the rock microscopic pore structure before and after strong base ASP Flooding Meng Fan 1, a, Yikun Liu 1,b and Shuang Liang 1,c 1 Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318 aocean19890201@126.com, bliuyikun111@126.com, cliangshuang21@163.com Keywords: ASP flooding, Alkali dissolution, Silica scale, Scanning electron microscope Abstract.
Due to the mixed flow occurred in near well bore zone and the changes in pressure and temperature, produced liquid produces mixed silicon scale near the well .The serious scaling phenomenon has affected the production efficiency and the further popularization of the ASP flooding technology.The serious scaling phenomenon has affected the production efficiency and the further popularization of the ASP flooding technology.It is very important to study and solve the problem of ASP flooding silicon scale.In this paper,we studied the interaction ternary displacement liquid and formation, analysised the physical and chemical processes of silicon scale, researched and analysised the differences on the microscopic pore structure between water flooding cores and ASP flooding cores as well as the situation of silicon scale after the ASP flooding by using SEM technology.
,which flow into the formation water;on the other hand, due to the rise of temperature in the oil production system the solubility of the formation rock obviously increase, the content of soluble silicic acid and silicate in the liquid increase,and produce scaling phenomenon due to the following two reasons:due to the decrease of temperature and pH value, its solubility descend and precipitate silica scale; because the solution is mainly in the form of a variety of silica scaling(also known as suspended silicon, active silicon) gel assemble and coagulat into silica scaling in water[8-10].The formation process and mechanism of silicon scale of ASP flooding oil production can be shown in Figure 1: Figure 1 The formation process of silicon scale Experimental section Experimental equipment and materials.Using SEM technology to analysis the difference on the microscopic pore structure between water flooding cores and ASP flooding cores as well as the situation of scale after the ASP flooding
(2) Alkali injecting into the layer interacts with formation water,and at the same time alkali react with the minerals components of rock.This interaction can be divided into two forms: Alkali produce the dissolution reaction with the minerals components of rock, and then alter or destroy the original formation structure; Al3+, Si4+ by corrosion regenerate the crystal deposition of aluminosilicate under some condition, and form Silicon scale with aluminum scale,block the structure of reservoir pore, decrease the sweep area of oil displacement agent,reduce the oil recovery.To solve the problem of scale formation of ASP flooding is imminent.
Oilfield　Chemistry, 2003,04:307-309+330

The results show that the vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays are hexagonal wurtzite structures with the high (002)-orientation.
Introduction Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-structures have been widely studied because of its unique magnetic, optical and electrical properties[1-8].
In addition, the morphology, crystal structure and optical property of as-prepared ZnO arrays are investigated.
It is observed that all of the diffraction peaks can be well indexed to a wurtzite structure of ZnO.
Cai.: Journal of Solid State Chemistry.Vol.178(2005), p.1864 [11] Z.K.Li, X.T.Huang, J.P.Liu, et al.

Geller et al. [2] have determined its crystal structure at RT using single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
’s), they were constrained to be equal to each other to reduce the number of structure parameters.
Table 1 exemplifies refined lattice and structure parameters of Rb4Cu16I7.2Cl12.8 at two temperatures together with R factors.
Structure parameters obtained by the Rietveld refinements of Rb4Cu16I7.2Cl12.8 at 11 and 280 K.
represented not by structure parameters but by densities of atomic nuclei.

XRD analysis and SEM images indicated that the films grown at 350 ºC had grained structures with the (222) preferred orientation.
Fig. 2 shows the plan-view SEM images of In2O3 thin films, revealing that the grain structures appear at substrate temperatures of 300-350 ºC, while no grain structures are clearly observed on top of the film deposited at 200 ºC.
In Fig. 2c, the grain structures with faceted tips are shown on the surface of the films.
While the amorphous-like structures are deposited at 200 ºC, the grained-structured films are deposited at a higher temperature of 300ºC, agreeing with the XRD results (Fig. 1).
SEM images also indicate the appearance of grain-like structures for the films deposited at 300-350 ºC.

Nanostructured Fe-TiO2and TiO2 with anatase structure were synthesized via combination method of sol- gel and peptization process.
Such applications are depended strongly on the crystalline structure, morphology and particle size [4-6].
Peak associated with Fe is not observed due to the sensitivity of XRD equipment to detect minor phase of Fe in the TiO2 structure.
Table 1 summarized the characteristic of the as-prepared sample including the structure and crystallite size.
Scherer, Sol-gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing, Academic Pr, 1990

Firstly the porosity structure of sintered sample was impregnated of cold cure resin to assure that the metallographic preparation did not change the porosities morphology.
The communication environment to the pores was classified according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
The internal structure of the microstructure can be seen and is possible to observe the morphology of the pores and the connectivity between them, showing the open porosity.
This tortuosity value indicates that the pore geometry deviates from a cylindrical structure as shown in Fig. 4 and 5.
Conclusions Three-dimensional reconstruction of the pores made by serial sectioning showed the internal structure of the microstructure.

The X-ray diffraction pattern shows the presence of alumina phase with crystal structure and the slow scan with step size 0.0170°/sec of selected diffraction peaks such as (113) has been recorded and calculated by Scherer’s formula.
The phase structure of the prepared alumina powder estimated from X-ray peak is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Phase structure of the prepared Al2O3 calcined at different temperatures Calcination temperature ℃ 900 1000 1050 1100 1200 Phase structure γ, θ γ, θ γ, θ γ, θ α The stable α-Al2O3 crystallite and crystallite size The XRD analysis in Fig.3 shows the most stable phase, α-alumina occurred dominantly at 1200℃.
The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the presence of pure α-Al2O3 phase with rhombohedral crystal structure.
L .GUO: Materials Chemistry and Physics.

The structure of the polyurethane emulision and films were confirmed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) were used to character the structure and properties of UV curable waterborne polyurethane.
Structure characterization and property tests The infrared spectra of sampls were obtained on FTIR(VECTOR-22, Bruker, Germany) at a resolution of 4 cm-1, scanning from 4000 cm-1 to 500 cm-1.
The emulsion particles have regular spherical structure.
Under the same drying and heat treatment conditions, C=C in the films formed crosslinking structure after UV curing and the crosslink density of films increased gradually, the molecular weight increased, thus water resistance has been improved during the curing process.

The structure and thermal stability of SLS-CS polyelectrolyte were characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC.
The structure of SLS-CS was characterized by IR, XRD and DSC. 1.
Fig.3-a shows that the chitosan had the structure of a-chitin and the reverse parallel between the main chains of molecules forms hydrogen bonds and it possesses the crystal structure.
Therefore, it indicates the lignin sulfonate and chitosan form a more uniform structure.
Progress in Chemistry, 2008, 20(1):126~139 [9] C Jiachuan, X Yinmin, L Yanchun.

The possible mechanism for the formation of the interesting well-dispersed microstructures was also proposed.The special structures of ZnS nanocrystals with graphite sheaths may have potential applications in nanoelectronics and photonics.
The structure evolution of ZnS with particle size and their chemical environment have also been the center of research.
On the basis of experimental observations, the crystal structure and morphology and the growth process of the ZnS/C nanocrystals was investigated.
The morphology characterization and structure analysis were carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL-6380LV) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL-2100).
Interesting, ZnS nanocrystals with graphite sheaths still retained a stable structure even the pyrolysis times at 400 was not less than 10 hour.