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The grain size of the nanoparticles is about 3~4 nm and the average value is about 4.2 nm determined by statistics measuring of 83 nanoparticles with a standard deviation of 1 nm.
As we known, the main parameter for controlling the grain size was the water/DEG ratio during synthesis, and the small variation of the water/DEG ratio could induce significant change of the grain size of Gd2O3 nanoparticle.
High resolution TEM (Fig.2(b)) shows that there are a number of nano holes in the mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which confirm that the Gd2O3-MS nanoparticles obtained in our experiment possess the mesoporous structure.
It is noticed that the diameter of the Gd2O3 nanoparticles is about 4.2 nm and the diameter of Gd2O3-MS nanoparticles is about 140 nm, the latter is 33 times larger than the former in grain size.
Conclusions The Gd2O3 nanoparticles with an average grain size of about 4.2 nm were successfully prepared and embedded into mesoporous silica by a simple self-assembly sol-gel reaction.

After clogging occurring, it can be seen from grain size distribution curve before and after test, grain size distribution curve of the latter two conditions have an upward trend in the upper parts of the soil, indicating that fillers strand in the upper part of the soil and clogging often occurs in the upper soil; filler with 0.5-2mm particle size growth faster than the 0.075-0.5mm, which meant that 0.5-2mm particle sized filler is more easily stuck in the thick skeleton and that is more susceptible to clogging, this conclusion can also be verified from the analysis of particle loss.
a) b) Fig.2 Grain size distribution curve along the depth before and after the test a-the 1th stage grain size distribution curve, b-the 2th stage grain size distribution curve High-magnification digital imaging equipment is used to observe the process of laboratory test, access to soil erosion, velocity , osmotic coefficient and change of particle trajectories in real time.
Due to the limit of laboratory test conditions, the trajectory movement of individual grain can not be obtained, numerical simulation highlights its advantages.
Soil particle is replaced by a ball, and the model is composed by the wall and the ball, with the size of 100mm 100mm300mm, particle size from 0.075mm to 20mm, the number of particles is determined by the porosity, randomly generated in the model space.

These films consisted of uniform and small grains.
The grain size of the Y0.5Yb0.5MnO3 films prepared using the 0.2 mol/L solutions was about 50 nm.
The grain size of the Y0.5Yb0.5MnO3 films prepared using the 0.1mol/L solution was about 30nm and smaller than that of the films prepared using the 0.2mol/L solution.
The difference of the grain size was produced by the concentration of the solutions and the thickness of the each coating layers.
The large leakage current is considered to associate with rough surface and grain boundary, which works as a leak current path.

Through a large area 2D EBSD survey of the LD-TD2 (see Fig. 1) surface, one grain with clear microbands was selected for 3D EBSD.
Other 3D studies have aligned slices and corrected for instrument drift using minimization of disorientation [10], which is not appropriate for this shear-deformed material, or internal markers such as triple points and grain boundaries, which is not possible within a single grain.
While a more complete study of a large number of grains over a range of strains is difficult with 3D EBSD due to the time consuming nature of the work, details of surface features in selected grains are available with this method that are not accessible by the conventional 2D methods.
Grain orientation dependence and slip system dependence.

In the ferritic stainless steel grade grain size control is critical.
These are susceptible for intense grain growth.
A slight reduction at lower temperature can refine the grain size.
Grain refinement may be achieved by 10% deformation at the end followed by annealing.
In addition nitrogen is reported to improve pitting corrosion resistance equivalence number significantly.

This is attributed to the formation of a continuous W-rich film along prior austenite grain boundaries.
Most of the precipitates are located along lath or prior austenite grain boundaries.
It shows a large number of small (~10 nm) precipitates in the steel.
Particularly, in these steels continuous W-rich films were often formed along some of the prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs).
Acknowledgements All authors acknowledge the EU FP7 project Z-ultra (contract number: 309916) FL, MR and HOA are grateful for the financial support by the Swedish research program KME (contract numbers: 510 and 710), and the Research Foundation of VGB (contract number: 348 and 397) in Germany.

The microstructures consist of elongated primary a grains, transformed b consisting of a lamellar and b phases and some intergranular (grain boundary) b.
The prior b grains outlined by grain boundary a are quite large because of exposure to a temperature above b-transus.
· Mill-annealed forgings exhibit a microstructure of primary a grains, transformed b consisting of a lamellar and b phases and intergranular (grain boundary) b
The R direction is the primary grain flow direction in forging.
Beta-annealed forgings have coarse lamellar microstructure with relatively coarse grains.

On the other hand, Subramanian et al. insisted that the delay in the migration of the recrystallized grain boundaries was caused by fine TiC precipitates [7].
Higher carbon content H-series alloys have smaller grain sizes than the lower carbon content L-series alloys, because of the higher volume fraction of the grain boundary pinning carbide precipitates.
The number of precipitates in the H1 alloy did not Figure 1.
Comparison between the experimental results and models Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 6 where )(/)(1 tNtN c− reflects the pinning effect. )(tNc is the number of dislocation nodes, which is approximated as 5.1 )(5.0 tρ [19] and )(tN is the number of precipitates that pin dislocation nodes. )(tN was obtained from equation (1).
It was assumed that precipitation occurred only at dislocation nodes until the number of precipitates exceeds the number of dislocation node.

Since crack initiation during high-cycle fatigue of smooth specimens is essentially associated with slip deformation in the grains, the effect of hydrogen on the development of slip bands was also evaluated.
Fig.ure 5 shows the crack length with respect to the number of cycles.
The slip bands in air developed uniformly in the ferrite grains.
The number of slip bands increased by the annealing.
The number of grains causing slip is much greater than that in air.

In the world, high quality large pumice reserves can be found in a number of countries in large quantities.
Pumice enjoys a number of industrial applications.
The coarse fractions had lower densities, for big grains retained larger volumes among them.
The presence of water brought the mineral grains closer when mud formed.
Summary Pumice is a volcanic rock used by a number of industries.