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In recent years, research has been devoted by El-Salakawy [3] and Teng, Cheong & Kuang [4].
Borges et al. [5] tested 13 reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs, each with a thickness of 200 mm and EL-Shafiey [6] tested 7 slab specimens, each with a thickness of 150 mm, along with one reference slab, six slabs with square openings of different dimensions located at the vicinity of the column.
Oliveira et al. [7] tested 7 slab specimens with openings and asymmetrical loading.
Ha et al. [8] and Liberati et al. [9] investigated the effect of small circular openings in the vicinity of the column.
El-Salakawy, M.

El-Sherik et al. found that pulse electroforming can obtain finer grain structure in nickel electroforming [3] K.P.
Puippe et al. summarize the theory and practice of pulse plating [6].
El-Sherik, U.
[10] Li Hongyou, et al.
[11] Li Hongyou, et al.

The average grain sizes of Al-0.3Fe and Al-0.7Fe alloys are 86 and 71 µm respectively.
AlmFe (b) (a) AlmFe Fig. 1 As-cast microstructure of the Al-Fe conductor alloys: (a) Al-0.3Fe; (b) Al-0.7Fe. 2.
The average subgrain sizes of the Al-0.3Fe and Al-0.7Fe alloys were 2.2 and 2.0 µm respectively.
In general, the extrusion rods exhibited low tensile strength but high elongation (96 and 123 MPa UTS, and 32 and 30% El for Al-0.3Fe and Al-0.7Fe respectively).
When compared to the extrusion rods, the UTS of the rolling rods increased to 131 and 136 MPa for Al-0.3Fe and Al-0.7Fe respectively, while the El deceased to 19 and 17% for Al-0.3Fe and Al-0.7Fe respectively.

El-Fawkhry2, b, Sherif Ali Abd El Rahman1, c *, Iman S.
El-Fawakhry, Manal Amin and Taha Mattar, Enhancing the properties and performance of structural- low alloy steel by SiC nano inoculation, 8th International Conference on Nano-Technology in Construction (NTC 2016), 12-16 March 2016, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt
[7] Urtigo Filho S L, Rodriguez R, EarthmaN J C, Lavernia E J, Synthesis of diamond reinforced Al-Mg nanocrystalline composite powder using ball milling [J].

Tool Wear Progression and Optimization in End Milling of AISI 316 Stainless Steel ODEDEYI Peter Babatunde1,a and ABOU-EL-HOSSEIN Khaled2,b 1,2Precision Engineering Laboratory, Mechatronics Department, School of Engineering, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa as215391292@mandela.ac.za, bKhaled.abou-el-hossein@mandela.ac.za Keywords: Tool wear; stainless steel; Tool life; Flank wear Abstract: The high-performance machining of difficult-to-cut stainless steel (AISI 316) demands the development and optimization of high-performance tools that can withstand tool load without compromising the surface quality of the components been produced.
According to Krolczyk et al, [1] in their study to determine the coated carbides tool life and the tool point surface topography.
Liu et al, [2] in their study presented how tool nose radius affects the residual stress distribution significantly.
Reddy et al. carried out a machining study on AISI 1040 steel by applying cryogenic treatment to P-40 tungsten carbide tools.
Ihsan et al. [9] carried out turning tests on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel to determine the optimum machining parameters.

The microstructure of quasicrystalline AlCuFe alloys doped with tungsten Wojciech Gurdziel a Jacek Krawczyk b, Włodzimierz Bogdanowicz c University of Silesia, Institute of Materials Science, Bankowa Str. 12, 40-007 Katowice, Poland a wojciech.gurdziel@us.edu.pl, b jacek.krawczyk@us.edu.pl, c wlodzimierz.bogdanowicz@us.edu.pl Keywords: AlCuFe alloy, quasicrystals, SEM, tungsten filaments, nanofilaments Abstract.
To improve the mechanical properties of AlCuFe alloys, the different dopes are applied.
Doping of Al-Fe alloys with tungsten causes significant increase in yield strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures of 600°C [7].
The aim of this study was to obtain multiphase Al-Cu-Fe alloy doped with tungsten and to investigate its microstructure.
El Kabir: J.

This is in agreement with many studies, including that of Wang et al., [6] which showed that carbon nanomaterials show very little enhancement on the Seebeck behavior of materials.
El-Moneim, N.
El-Bab, A.
El-Bab, A.
El-Moneim, Graphene-based strain gauge on a flexible substrate, Sensors and Materials 26 (2014) 699–709 [11] K.

Abdelmonem1, d 1 Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt 2Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt. 3 Department of mechanical engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan a mamdouh_nassar@yahoo.com, b tahafarrag70@hotmail.com, c m.salah.m@mu.edu.eg, deng2006_sayed@yahoo.com.
Takeshi Ogino, et al. [11] tried to improve CCNPs precipitation from highly supersaturated solutions of calcium carbonate by modify the process temperature.
These results are in harmony with the results of the same rotation speed obtained by of Romuald Babou-Kammoe et al [13], and Agnihotri et al. [15].
El-Sheikh, S.
El-Sherbiny, A.

Surface Roughness Model when Machining Aluminum Nitride Ceramic with Two Flute Square end Micro Grain Solid Carbide end Mill Mohan Reddy.M 1, a, Alexander Gorin 2 , Abou-El-Hossein.K.A.3 and Sujan.D1 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Curtin University of Technology (Malaysia Campus), CDT 250, Miri, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia 2Chemical Engineering Department, Swinburne University of Technology,Kuching, 93350, Malaysia 3Mechanical & Aeronautical Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elezebeth, 6031, South Africa amohan.m@curtin.edu.my Keywords: Aluminum nitride ceramic, Surface roughness, and Carbide end mill Abstract: This research presents the performance of Aluminum Nitride ceramic in end milling using two flute square end micro grain solid carbide end mill under dry cutting.
Huang and Liu [5], Klocke et al. [6], Hwang et al. [7] and Kovach et al. [8] conducted experiments on high speed grinding of ceramics for achieving high removal rate.
Klocke et al. [6] studied various process strategies for the high speed grinding of aluminum oxide and silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide at high removal rates.
Mohan Reddy et al. [13] used end milling process on Machinable Glass ceramic to study performance of end milling process.
[16] Mohan Reddy.M, Alexander Gorin and Abou-El-Hossein.

Experimental procedure The FSW samples used in this study were fabricated from 2024-T4 aluminum plates with nominal composition 3.8Cu-1.Mg-0.3Mn-0.1Cr-0.5Si-0.15Ti-0.1Ni-0.3Zn -0.5Fe-balance Al.
References [1] Thomas W M，Nicholas E D，Needham J C．Friction stir welding: UK, PCT / GB92/ 02203 [P].1991-10-06 [2] Magdy M.El-Rayes, Ehab A.El-Danaf.
Influence of Typical Welding Parameters Process on Fatigue Properties of Al-Li Alloy FSW Butt Joint[J].
Materials Review, 2007(11): 252 - 254 [12] Jariyaboon M, Davenport A J, Ambat R, et al.