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The second category is the investments into cost reduction projects, connected with equipment replacement and production site relocation into different regions.
Therefore, with decreasing of correlations ri,j even for high risk projects portfolio approach guarantees reduction of portfolio risk down to zero.
As a rule, for such projects it is possible to gather a representative volume of retrospective data for variables forming the cash flow.
A similar situation exists, as a rule, for investments in cost reduction projects.
Investment projects of the latter groups are characterized by absence of retrospective data.

In order to study the sensor response to ethanol, first a background current data was established by cycling the potential of the bare electrode dipped in a 0.5M NaOH supporting in the presence of 20µL of ethanol and compared across the three electrodes.
Absence of reverse reduction peak Figure 6: Cyclic voltammograms at different scan rates (10-100mV/s) for PANI/ZnONPs/GCE film in 0.5M NaOH containing 20 µL ethanol at 25oC.
The lack of a corresponding reduction peak shows, ethanol oxidation on the PANI/ZnONPs/GCE is indeed an irreversible process (absence of reverse reduction peak) yielding simple products such as carbon IV oxide and water.
A calibration curve constructed from the sensor response data to different concentrations of ethanol based on a PANI/ZnONPs/GCE is given in figure 9 below.
Conclusion The present studies indicated that Spathodea campanulata synthesized ZnO nanoparticles lead to increased electrocatalytic detection of the ethanol as evidenced by higher reduction peak in PANI/ZnONPs/GCE modified electrode as compared to the bare GCE.

In fact, ISF allows a higher material formability than drawing [5,6] but the part feasibility is limited by reduction of the sheet thickness as the depth and the slope of the wall increase [7].
Load the target geometry (t) starting from two different data exchange standards (namely GEO and STL) and transforming them in the MESH format (i.e., nodal points coordinates and surface elements definition)
Moreover, since thickness data are available only for the elements of the mesh, the thickness of each node is estimated as the mean thickness of the elements to which the node belongs (in particular, the mean value is weighted according to element areas).
Moreover, the average error is almost constant but its distribution becomes almost normal with a strong reduction of the standard deviation.
The gradual reduction in error variance during the iterative procedure is the reason for its stability in convergence, since each step can be considered as a recalibration of the previous one, where the non-repeatable errors are reduced, and the offset is compensated.

Furthermore, Table 1.0 also provides data on BET and BJH values for PANI/GO compositions at varying weight percentages (1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%).
As evidenced, an increase in the percentage of GO correlates with corresponding increments in surface area and pore volume, alongside a significant reduction in pore radius.
At higher GO dosages, the formation of additional covalent bonds accelerates electron transfer from GO to PANI, facilitating the reduction reaction of triiodides.
The fast transport of electrons from counter electrode to the electrolyte is expected to accelerate the catalytic reduction reaction of iodides at the interface [12].
Data of Charge Transfer Resistance (RCT) and Double Layer Capacitance (Cdl) Photoanode Counter Electrode RS (W) RCT (W) Cdl (F) TiO2/G PANI 2.13 2921.00 1.11 x10-6 TiO2/G PANI/GO 1 wt.% 1.62 212.48 4.32 x10-6 TiO2/G PANI/GO 3 wt.% 1.49 101.10 1.70 x10-5 TiO2/G PANI/GO 5 wt.% 1.60 148.46 8.65 x10-6 The value of conductivity exhibited by PANI in its emeraldine state demonstrates a notable increase upon the introduction of graphene oxide (GO), as delineated in Table 3.0.

The numerical results are validated against experimental data, demonstrating the model’s effectiveness in predicting the impact of varying parameters and aiding in the selection of optimal welding conditions before costly physical trials.
Schematic representation of simulation boundary Different boundary conditions were assumed based on data from various published research papers [17-19].
Schematic representation of simulation boundary A fine discretization was used around the shoulder and the pin to generate high-resolution data, and a coarse discretization was used for the rest of the plate to reduce computation time.
Temperature recording and data processing was done using Therma Cam Researcher Pro software.
However, a temperature difference of 15–50°C was noted between experimental and numerical data at distances of 15 mm to 30 mm from the weld center.

Due to the slow rotation rate of the cube orientation the resultant 0°/90° ears countervail the newly forming 45° ears up to rather high rolling reductions [5].
Accordingly, the simulated data on texture and strength obtained for the material at intermediate gauge is input into a recrystallization model named AlSoft, which provides information on kinetics of recovery and recrystallization during annealing [14-16], and the resulting texture changes [17].
Symbols indicate experimental data points, thick blue lines are derived by simulation (see text for details).
Accordingly, the simulated data of texture and strength obtained for the material at intermediate gauge was input into the AlSoft recrystallization model, providing information on kinetics of recovery and recrystallization during annealing, and the resulting texture changes.
Fig. 8 shows the softening in form of the evolution of strength and recrystallized volume fraction as a function of annealing temperature, and it appears that the simulation results fit the experimental data points quite well.

This temperature range is selected considering thermophysical properties of In and 1-OD listed in Table 1 (obtained from manufacturers’ data sheet and reference articles).
The experimental values obtained are within ± 5% of the reported data from the manufacturer and other sources.
DSC data of 1-OD and NPs-1-OD, CPCM is listed in Table 2.
DSC data of 1-OD and In NPs-1-OD CPCM obtained from experimental studies.
At temperatures 120 ºC and above, reduction of length to diameter aspect ratio of aggregates is observed which leads to a reduction in κ, from 2.56 ± 0.07 W/mk at 110 ºC to 1.68 ± 0.08 W/mk at 140 ºC (shown in Fig. 5).

Climate Aspect The climate in the study area is of the Saharan type which is characterised by light rains that vary between 70 mm in the North and 30 mm in the South using data recorded between 1986 and 2014 sometimes followed by torrential type floods, which are due to heavy rain showers or violent storms sure of small watersheds representing rugged reliefs, these floods contribute to the leaching of the superficial water table located in the alluvium [8], the high temperatures can exceed 45 ° C, in the summer period, the winter is generally mild with average temperatures ranging from 8 to 12 ° C.
The average concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), shows extensive reductions in the purification process, 60.97 % yield (Fig.6), justified by recording an average value of COD for raw water 395 mg/l and treated wastewater at the outlet of the WWTP, an average value of 152.54 mg/l.
The M’Zab WWTP was able to reduce particulate pollution, a reduction of 60% .
This implies that these waters require other treatments to reduce these parameters, another finishing basin and disinfection treatment can be very effective for the reduction of some parameter, and improved bacteriological quality.
Can be effective for the reduction of TSS.

The experimental data for the membrane with PAN/DMF/TiO2 followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) rate form with a rate constant of 0.0253 min-1.
For 0.0008 mg/g AR, efficiency decreases from 90.14% down to 52.09%, with a 33.85% efficiency reduction after ten cycles.
For the 0.004 mg/g AR, the efficiency decreases from 94% to 30.19%, with a 67.88% reduction after the last cycle.
At 0.008 mg/g AR, degradation efficiency greatly reduced from 74.76% to 14.61% with an 80.46% reduction after 10 cycles.
The experimental data for the 14% TIPP/PVP membrane with PAN/DMF/TiO2 followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) rate form with a rate constant of 0.0253 min-1.

Especially, there is no comprehensive research on PCN by actual data, it’s fail to reasonable adjustment actual PCN based on pavement structure parameter.
(2) Soil base strength grade Soil base strength grade can be provided by historical data of pavement built, and the evaluation criteria are illustrated in Table 1.
(5) Determine the PCN value Experience evaluation has a high request on completeness of base data and professional knowledge of technician.
Choose the circular single wheel which the standard tire pressure is 1.25MPa presses on the center of concrete slab, use the actual data of the structure, obtain the maximum flexural-tensile stress which equals to 2.75MPa by adjusting loading area.
Eq.(4) gives significant information for stress reduction of lapped seam, namely σp=（1-LT）σe （4） Where, LT= coefficient of stress reduction, usually 0.25.