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Establish a reasonable index system is the key step to comprehensive regionalization for valley economy. 5 types of indexes covering the aspects of nature , society , economy, ecology and grain supply were employed as reported in existing literature.
Regionalization indexes include the following aspects: (1) the indexes reflected environmental system: cultivated land area per capita and soil quality indexes of natural systems ; (2) non-regional indexes that can reflect the level of valley economic development in the economic system: the income per capita , GDP per unit , primary industry output ratio and tourism income ratio; (3) the indexes of social system: proportion of non-agricultural population, population density and natural population growth rate; (4) indexes of ecology: fertilizer application per unit of crop land, fertilizer application per unit of garden plot and pesticide application; (5) indexes of grain supply: grain possession per capita and forestry product possession Per capita; (6) other indexes that impactroads and retail sales of consumer goods ratio (see details in TABLE 1).
Comprehensive valley economy regionalization index system for beijing (objective a)* Scheme Expected Effects B1: Natural ecological system - C11: average annual temperature (℃) C12: average annual precipitation (mm) + C13: hydro-thermal property + C14: watershed perimeter + C15: watershed area + C16: forest coverage rate + C17: land resources potentialities + B2 : Natural ecological system + C21: soil quality C22: cultivated land area per capita (ha2) + C23:altitude hierarchy - B3 : Economic system + C31: tourism income ratio C32: income per capita + C33: GDP per unit + C34: primary industry output ratio + B4: Socio system + C41: proportion of non-agricultural population (%) C42 : population density ( person·km−2) - C43 : Natural population growth rate (‰) - B5: Eco-environmental - C51:fertilizer application per unit area of crop land C52: fertilizer application per unit area of garden plot - C53 : pesticide application - B6: grain supply + C61: grain possession per capita
Therefore, the number of indexes of the sub-regions is 17 in fact.
Fig.1.Secondary regionalization Fig.2.First regionalization The results are listed as follows: Ⅰ: Shallow mountain, plain grain and vegetable production area Ⅰ1: Scenic spot;Ⅰ2: Plain grain and vegetable production area; Ⅰ3: Scenic spot;Ⅰ4:Vegetable garden ;Ⅰ5: Facility agriculture zone;Ⅰ6: Vegetable plot development zone;Ⅰ7: Scenic spot;Ⅰ8:Sightseeing and picking tourist resort;Ⅰ9:Sightseeing and picking tourist resort;Ⅰ10:Sightseeing and picking tourist resort. Ⅱ:Plain premier, special and high quality varieties planting area Ⅱ1: Scenic spot; Ⅱ2: catering service zone; Ⅱ3 :Premier, special and high quality varieties planting area;Ⅱ4 : Orchard development zone; Ⅱ5:Premier, special and high quality varieties planting area;Ⅱ6:Premier, special and high quality varieties planting area;Ⅱ7: Premier, special and high quality varieties planting area;Ⅱ8:Vegetable plot development zone; Ⅱ9: Facility agriculture development zone. Ⅲ:Remote mountains forest conservation zone Ⅲ1:Facility

Polishing was carried out accordingly by means of 1 µm grain size diamond paste.
The final 3 mm dia. sample is stamped out followed by dimple grinding with 1 µm diamond grain size.
After solution annealing all steels showed a typical austenitic grain structure with twins (Fig. 1, 2).
The hardness values do not differ markedly as does the grain size (Table 2).
Fig. 4 shows the typical development of the stress amplitude at different total strain amplitudes for all CN-grades over the numbers of cycles.

Grain orientation dependent dislocation boundaries.
Grain orientation dependent dislocation boundaries are considered in the model described in [8], where grains with a certain fraction (45%) of the total slip concentrated on one slip plane are assumed to have boundaries aligned with that slip plane.
The predicted anisotropy is much larger by considering grain orientation dependent dislocation boundaries because the distances (di) exhibit the largest variation within a grain.
Grain orientation - microstructure relationships in IF steel have not yet been investigated in detail.
During tension the active slip planes cluster around a cone with an angle of 45° to the tensile direction with some scatter because of the finite number of available slip systems, which will not all lie in the vicinity of the cone.

To predict the plastic deformation it is necessary to follow the modification of grain parameters occurring during the slip phenomena.
For a known set of active slip systems the local tangent modulus ijklgl relating the grain stress rate ijgσ& and the grain strain rate ijgε& can be calculated [5,7-9]; hence we have: kl g ijkl g ij g l εσ && = (2) To predict the elastoplastic deformation of a sample, calculations in the scale of the grain size have to be done.
The mean interplanar spacing {hkl}, averaged only for reflecting grains (with {hkl} crystallographic planes perpendicular to the scattering vector), is measured.
In the calculations, the sample is represented by a number of grains, having a distribution of orientations reproducing the initial experimental textures.
This factor does not depend on grain orientation and it rescales the amplitude of the stress tensor, i.e.: q icIIg ij icIIg ij )( )( )( )( g g σ σ = (8) where q is the scaling parameter and )( )( g icIIg ijσ is the model predicted second order stress for a grain of g orientation.

The concentrations of alloying elements such as Zn inside the grains, with and without electromagnetic field, were measured by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA).
Increasing the number of ampere-turns from 5000At to 10000At, the dendritic grains changes from coarser to finer and more uniform.
Fig. 8(b) shows the concentration of Zn element inside the crystal grain under different frequencies of electromagnetic field.
(3) The intensity of electromagnetic field plays a significant role in grain refinement and solute redistribution.
With increase in coil current intensity, the confined effect and stirring effect of electromagnetic body forces increase, which, in turn, change the dendritic grains from coarser to finer, and the macrosegregation and solute content inside grain are gradually improved

As a result of grain growth a clearly coarser grain structure with a mean grain size of 80 µm could be observe after the heat treatment at 520°C.
When reaching a deformation degree of ϕ = 0.15 the amount of twins is significantly lower, whereas the number of recrystallized structure has been increased.
The size of some grains, however, has increased due to grain growth at the higher temperature.
This, however, holds true only if the initial orientation of grains is pleasant for twinning.
Due to the relatively random allocation of grains, however, it can be assumed, that there are always sufficient grains that are suitably oriented for twinning.

According to the result of the statistics data of Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China, the number of wastewater treatment plants increase rapidly to 3000 in 2010.
The Cu content of yongliang-15 grain was higher than that in other species at all treatment.
The Zn content of longchun-23 grain exceeded slightly that in S5.
Likewise, it did in the Pb content of yongliang-15 grain at S4 and the Pb content of longchun-23 grain at S2, S4 and S5.
The Zn content of longchun-23 grain was higher than that in other species.

The average grain size was 6 µm (t1 = 0.6 mm) and 7 µm (t2 = 1.0 mm).
This is most likely due to the less sharp basal texture in twin-roll cast material, which is a function of the number of roll passes.
This number is higher in conventionally rolled AZ31, which results in a sharper basal texture.
The thinner the sheet, the higher the number of roll passes required to reduce the sheet thickness.
Furthermore, the microstructural morphology (grain size, grain size distribution) and the distribution of exclusions play an important role for the anisotropic behaviour [17].

Therefore it is necessary to make the aircraft and engine structure integral for the aim of reducing the number of parts, improving reliability and lowing manufacturing costs.
The size of grain in the weld zone is much bigger than that of the base metal and the HAZ.
The presence of coarse grains in the weld zone leads to increasing brittleness of the weld seam and making the plastic poor.
Conclusions (1) There are coarse grains in the weld zone.
(2) The highest hardness value appears in the weld zone with coarse grains.

Shear bands occur at 45° toward the compression axis at grain interiors and meanwhile flow localization occurs.
The numbers at each contour represent the efficiency of power dissipation as percent and the shaded regions represent regimes of flow instability.
Increase of deformation temperature supplies enough energy for nucleation of new grains and decrease of strain rate prolongs the process of thermal effect, which can promote the occurrence of DRX.
As shown in Fig. 4(c), some small grains occur at grain boundaries, which means the occurrence of DRX and the softening mechanism at high deformation temperatures and low strain rates conditions is DRV and DRX.
Obvious adiabatic shear bands occurring at 45° toward the compression axis (shown as white arrow) at grain interiors can be found in Fig. 4(a) and flow localization can be found in Fig. 4(b).