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Guan1, a, L.L.Zhu2, b, H.W.Lu3, c and Z.W.Wang4, d 1College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China aguanjl@bjut.edu.cn, bzhulili0216@163.com cluhongwei2003@163.com, dwangzhiwei19880303@126.com Keywords: cold-rolled steel; ELID grinding; surface hardness; surface morphology Abstract.
The wheel peripheral velocity, grinding depth as well as grinding fluid are the main factors during ultra-precision grinding.
But its low intensity, low hardness has become an important factor to affect the mechanical properties of cold-rolled steel.
Experimental conditions and processing parameters The chemical composition and mechanical properties of carburized cold-rolled steel are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical composition and mechanical properties of cold-rolled steel Material Chemical composition /% Mechanical properties Cold-rolled steel C Si Mn P S Cr Ni σb/MPa HRC 0.17 0.27 0.45 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 450 65～70 Table 2 Experimental device Device Machine tool MSG-612CNC-FA Surface Grinder（modified） Measuring instrument Harbin Measuring Tools Group 2205 surface roughness measuring instrument Image acquisition microscope -PanasonnicWV-GP460 ELID grinding conditions Grinding wheel cast iron bonded Diamond Grinding Wheel（W36,W5,W1.5） Electrolysis power Special DC pulse power supply Grinding fluid Special grinding fluid [3] Table 3 Grinding process parameters Process Coarse Semi-finishing Precisio ELID grinding conditions Wheel peripheral velocity /（m/s） 18 18 20 Radial

Solution of selection of suitable options for worn-out belts processing By selection of processing option it should take into account the complex of factors which affect processing of reverse logistics elements.
These factors are for example logistics costs for re-processing, economic situation of the country, scientific-technical progress.
These factors present only a smart part of the factors which affect reverse logistics elements re-processing.
In the choice of treatment should take into account the complex factors that ultimately affect the processing element of reverse logistics.
These factors represent only a small part of the factors that affect the processing elements of reverse logistics, entering the back of the material flow.

However, development of TiAl alloys has been hindered by poor room temperature toughness, poor balance of mechanical properties and manufacturing difficulties.
Major effort now being undertaken in the investment casting is to optimize the casting processes and the post-solidification heattreatment, in order to deliver high-quality casts with an acceptable combination of mechanical properties [14,15].
In addition, the utility of organic resin results in relatively large shrink which affects dimensional accuracy of castings.
In order to gain better integrate properties, it is necessary to refine the coarse cast microstructure through forging and rolling.
Many researchers focus on the MA of TiAl alloys with the process and their impact factors[31].

Srivatsan2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012, INDIA 2Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Akron Akron, OHIO, 44325, USA Key Words: Friction Stir Welding, Tool Plunge, Rotation speed, Traverse speed, Aluminium Alloy 7020 Abstract The axial force during friction stir welding is sensitive to plunge depth of the tool and is one of the prime factors, which exercises control over heat generation during welding.
These are: (a) Weld Nugget (WN) or stirred zone, (b) Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone (TMAZ), (c) Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), and (d) base metal [5–8].
The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is a thermally-affected zone without much deformation.
Kailas, Influence of Tool Geometry on Defect Formation, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloy, 2nd International Conference "Advances in Production and Processing of Aluminium", Bahrain International Exhibition Centre, Kingdom of Bahrain, December-2005
Kokawa, Microstructural factors governing hardness in friction-stir welds of solid-solution-hardened Al alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 32 (2001) 3033–3042

In the factors that influence hot pressing process, pressure, temperature and time occupy a leading position.
Horizontal distribution of temperature, pressure and moisture influence sheet formation of density, thereby affecting physical and mechanical properties of wood-based panel [2].
Vector and are unrelated white noise with zero mean value, which have the following statistical properties: (3) (4) (5) (6) where is the symmetric nonnegative definite covariance matrix of the system noise, while is the symmetric positive definite covariance matrix, and are Kronecker functions.
The initial state of the system is a random vector with the statistical properties as: (7) (8) Assume that are all unrelated.
[5] SONG Kaichen, NIE Xili: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 19(3), pp. 451–454.

Rosa 1, b 1 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Mechanical Engineering Department (DEMEC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
As consequence, it may affect the process performance by reducing the tool-life and causing damage to the machined surface finish.
The tool geometry is the set of geometric properties composed for edges, angles, corner radius (re) and so on [3] and its geometry affects the chip formation, power required, tool-life and finishing surface [4].
During turning processes the tool is subjected to wear, as it is exposed to a combination of abrasive, mechanical, chemical and thermal factors [4].
This affects the two geometries in a similar way (change of the cutting edge and folding of the chip) and cannot be considered as the primary factor in determining the selection cutting tool type.

The imposition of a controlled residual stress distribution is well known to significantly improve the mechanical properties (namely strength and toughness) of glasses, glass-ceramics and ceramics.
The use of residual stress to improve the mechanical properties of a brittle material normally involves the formation (by physical or chemical means) of compressive stresses in a finite layer on the surface, compensated by balancing tensile stresses in the interior of the material.
Factors affecting the apparent fracture toughness in a laminate: σa is the applied stress; σr is the residual compressive stress; a is the crack length.
Materials properties of Si3N4 and Si3N4 + TiN composites.
Mechanical properties at room temperature.

However, apparatus parameters could affect the MFL inspection tool’s ability to characterize anomalies.
There are a variety of factors that can affect the MFL inspection tool’s ability to detect and characterize anomalies.
They include, but are not limited to defect geometry, MFL apparatus itself, magnetic properties and test parameters such as velocity and stress.
Electromagnets allow the magnetic field strength to be adjusted as the tool encounters changing magnetic properties and wall thickness in the pipe.
Fig. 3 shows the effect of magnet height or length on the leakage magnetic flux density over the defect while keeping the other factors constant.

To quantify the mechanical properties of these joints, tensile and short term creep rupture tests were performed at room and elevated temperatures.
These precipitations will deteriorate the mechanical properties of the joint [8].
Mechanical Properties.
Mechanical properties such as proof stress and tensile strength are within in the same order of magnitude as the properties of the parent materials (Fig. 5a).
Mechanical Properties.

The main factors affecting the PBB properties are the following: the brand and structural type of bitumen, the molecular weight and size of polymer particles, the amount of polymer and plasticizer, the processing modes and mixing equipment used.
The selection of PBB compositions relates to the solution of multi-factor extreme problems aimed at determining the optimal compositions of binders with the required properties.
When performing the research by using the conventional methods, the composition and processing factors optimization is associated with a large number of experiments.
Results Discussion The mathematical model analysis shows that PBB properties depend on the content of the polymer, plasticizer and combined action of these factors.
Bitumen and polymer-bitumen binders properties.