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Mohamad 4,b, Mohd Rafie bin Johan3, c, Wan Jefrey Basirun5, d , Chin Kim Ming3 , Chia Chang Cherng3, Tan Jia Herng3, 1 Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Centre For Foundation Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia 3 Nanomaterials Engineering Research Group, Advanced Material Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4 Department of Manufacturing and Material Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia, 50728 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 5 Department of Chemistry University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia a taiful@iium.edu.my b su3ad@iium.edu.my c mrafiej@um.edu.my d jeff@um.edu.my Keywords: dielectric properties, negative permittivity, refractive index, Silver Silica nanocomposite, sol-gel, various composition, thermal properties.
W., Sol-Gel Science:The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Academic Press, New York, 1990
Ni,X.H.Zheng,J.C.Yu,Sintering effects on structure and Dielectric properties of dielectrics CaCu3Ti4O12, J.Mater.Sci.42(3) (2007) 1037–1041.

Javadpour, "Penetration analysis of a projectile in ceramic composite armor," Composite Structures, vol.
Peikrishvili, "Sintering of Boron and Boron Carbide," Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 154, pp. 194- 198, 2000
Dzigrashvili, "Some physical properties of compacted specimens of highly dispersed boron carbide and boron suboxide," Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 177, pp. 596-599, 2004.

DNA-Coatings: Bioactive Properties and Effects on Osteoblast-like Cells Jeroen JJP van den Beucken1,a , X Frank Walboomers 1,b , Sander CG Leeuwenburgh1,c , Matthijn RJ Vos2,d, Nico AJM Sommerdijk2,e, Roeland JM Nolte 2-3,f, John A Jansen 1,g 1 Department of Periodontology & Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, PB309, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands 2 Laboratory for Macromolecular & Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands 3 Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules & Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands a J.vandenBeucken@dent.umcn.nl, bF.Walboomers@dent.umcn.nl, c S.Leeuwenburgh@dent.umcn.nl, dM.R.J.Vos@tue.nl, eN.Sommerdijk@tue.nl, fNolte@sci.kun.nl, g J.Jansen@dent.umcn.nl Keywords: DNA-coating -- mineral deposition -- calcium phosphate -- SBF -- cell culture.
The build-up of a multilayered structure is achieved by the successive immersion of a substrate in aqueous solutions of cationic (step 1) and anionic (step 2) polyelectrolytes with intermediate wash steps (steps 2 & 4).

It is Widely used in the field of metallurgy, chemistry, optometry, electrics, physic, aerospace, information and other areas.
Proposed add organic ligand to form complexes with metal ions in aqueous solution, regulation of PH, temperature and other conditions make it hydrolytic polymerization, after the sol - gel process to form a the space skeleton structure, and then calcined to high purity alumina. 5.3 aluminum alkoxide method H2O Hongbo Ji[10] et al.studied with isooctyl alcohol and metal aluminum preparation process of high purity alumina. isooctyl alcohol take a reaction with aluminum metal under the action of AlCl3 to obtain crude three isooctyl aluminum, then three isooctyl aluminum prepared the product of alumina which purity is equal to imported SB alumina through hydrolysis, aging, drying, roasting etc..
Progress in Chemistry,2006,25(6):712-713

Akiba et al. applied this treatment on the void formation in NiO and CoO scales [5,6] This paper emphasized the divergence of the ionic fluxes to be directly related the defect chemistry in the scale.
Relation between n t   and the defect structure in metal oxides.
In the case of CoO, the incorporation of oxygen into the oxide is expressed as 'x 2 Co O 1 O =V O h 2   (15) The similar consideration in defect chemistry offers 2 1 ' 4 Co O[V ] P and 22 0 O O O [V ] (independent of ) PP   (16) and gives CoON to be 1 4  , which indicates the void formation.

This proved that both esters (C=O and C-O) are the main functional groups in the molecular structure of these lubricants.
Kassim (2013) Materials and Corrosion Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences
Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach John Coates in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry (Ed.) pp. 10815–10837 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester

Pomogailo, Synthesis and Intercalation Chemistry of Hybrid Organo-Inorganic Nanocomposites.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research.
Molchanov, Local structure of pseudoboehmites, React.Kinet.Catal.Lett, Vol. 87, No. 2, 367-375, (2006)

., Vladivostok 690041, Russia 2 Institute of Solid State Chemistry of UB RAS, 91, Pervomaiskaya St., GSP, 620990, Yekaterinburg, Russia 3 Institute of Chemistry of FEB RAS, 159, Prosp. 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia a AleksandrSergeev@inbox.ru, b vss@iacp.dvo.ru, c galkina@iacp.dvo.ru, d jukuznetsova@mail.ru, e idpopov65@gmail.com, f rempel@ihim.uran.ru, g postnova@yandex.ru, h yas@ich.dvo.ru Keywords: optical switching, sol-gel, photoinduced absorbance, quantum dots, cadmium sulfide.
As was noted above, light at λ = 633 nm did not modify the structure of the nanocomposite and had no effect on the optical properties of the samples.

This kind of structure could improve the strength of the targets via the mechanism of fine mechanical contact and bridge of elongated grains.
Forum, Vol. 47 (1989), p. 84 [7] Yang Haitao, Yang Guotao and Yuan Runzhang: Materials Chemistry and Physics Vol. 57 (1998), p. 178 [8] H.
Wasen: Journal of the European Ceramic Society Vol. 17 (1997), p. 1285 [9] Gao Ling and Haitao Yang: Materials Chemistry and Physics Vol. 90 (2005), p. 31

They also have a direct and indirect distinction, as detailed in the following table: Table 1 The structure classification of impacting factors of SA.
Jónssonin: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed Phase Chemistry, edited by S.D.
Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000)