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In contrast, AFM give major advantages because it is quicker and does not required a specific sample preparationbut yields data that are at least straightforward and easy to analysis [10].
The 20, 30 and 40 nm of AuNPs was synthesized using the citrate reduction method.
The number of data point present in the x and y scan direction on image needs to be taken into consideration during image analysis.
Prior analysis, the first step in AFM image processing is all imaged need to be go through flattening technique using a polynomial fit by fitting each scan line and subtracting it from the data to remove the artifact from the image acquisition process [14].
However, the measurement by AFM was relatively straightforward, ease in sample preparation and interpretation of data compared to TEM analysis.

The measured data was recorded with a PC-based, fully automated data acquisition and data logging system.
During the first few minutes of bearing operation at 1 kN load (Figure 4) a significant reduction of the frictional torque was observed, indicating that the bearing top foil underwent a wear-in process.
Similar reduction in frictional torque was observed in most experimental runs, and although it was not as significant as during the initial run with new top foils (Figure 4), it suggests further wear-in of the top foil during testing.
This significant reduction of the friction coefficient was the result of a closer to optimal film thickness, which allowed for higher developed hydrodynamic pressure and higher load capacity.
Kim, Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of Bump Type Foil Bearings: A Model Anchored to Test Data, ASME Journal of Engineering For Gas Turbines And Power 132, 4 (2010)

The reduction coefficients are chosen subjectively.
But the use of the traditional in-site experiment is limited because the data of rock mass mechanical parameter is discrete and multi-scale characteristic.
Attenuation coefficient is computed by fitting data method. (4) Substituting attenuation coefficient and the first characteristic frequency and rock elastic modulus into Eq. 13, then viscosity coefficient is derived.
The attenuation coefficient is calculated by data fitting method; (5) substituting attenuation coefficient of five gauging points and the first characteristic frequency and viscosity coefficient of rock into Eq. 13, then equivalent elastic modulus is obtained.
So strength reduction coefficient of rock mass can be determined according to equivalent elastic modulus.

The results show that the method is accurate and less time-consuming, and is able to recognize the fault pattern which does not exist in the fault history data.
In order to eliminate the dimensional impact, maximum - minimum standardized data conversion method is used in data preprocessing.
Data preprocessing consists of signal preprocessing, maximum and minimum standardized data conversion, and dimensionality reduction process.
The mature marine engine room simulator technology brings convenience for fault data acquisition [8].
Obviously, data of fault 6 is not in the data set which is clustered.

The W content is influenced by the cutting speed, feed rate and cutting depth as followed: Table2, Cutting speed and the relationship of between the cutting depth and the the W content W content cutting （%） speed Cutting depth 70 250 70 250 Cutting fluid 0.2 -0.23 -0.41 -0.28 -0.396 Y -0.26 -0.43 -0.31 -0.398 N 1.0 -0.017 -0.37 -0.16 -0.15 Y -0.085 -0.35 -0.17 -0.17 N Table3, Cutting speed and the relationship of between the Feed and the the W content W content cutting （%） speed Feed rate（mm/ min） 70 250 70 250 Cutting fluid 210 -0.027 -0.203 -0.16 -0.27 Y 210 -0.029 -0.210 -0.15 -0.28 N 750 -0.245 -0.54 -0.25 -0.377 Y 750 -0.249 -0.56 -0.26 -0.389 N The experimental data shows: During the cutting procedure, there is a decrease in the W’s mass fraction.
There is more cutting heat under cutting machining to cause the reduction of the W.
When the cutting uses no cooling medium, there are more friction résistance, worse cooling capacity and bigger cutting heat, and more clearly to the reduction of the W 2.2 Hardness The cutting influences the hardness of work piece’s face.
The test data shows the hardness is gradually getting lower and tending to gently with the distance becomes longer when each point is perpendicular to the cutting surface.

And the building energy usage occupies 25% of total energy usage of entire Korea, so a detailed vision for regulation on reduction of building energy usage was proposed in this policy.
Although cases of eco-friendly building designs are increased, it does not mean energy saving and CO2 reduction in practical buildings.
And Fig. 3, 4, 5 shows the 3D modeling from various views which are made by Openstudio Sketchup plug-in, which is an input data for building energy analysis using EnergyPlus.
Fig. 3 3D model view (SW) Fig. 4 3D model view (SE) Fig. 5 3D model view (N) Table 2 Simulation setting value category Value U-value (Walls) Exterior wall 0.459 W/㎡K Interior wall 2.844 W/㎡K U-value (Window) Exterior window 2.72 W/㎡K Curtain wall 2.066 W/㎡K Ventilation rate 0.7 ACH Heating setpoint temperature 20℃ Cooling setpoint temperature 26 ℃ Weather data Kimpo, KOREA (meteonorm) Table 2 shows some simulation setting value, which is important and influential to energy usage, and these values are referred from KOREAN building energy saving regulations.

Ecological risk management is the specific application on dealing with ecological risk, protecting ecological safety, which is based on the results of ecological risk assessment , according to the appropriate laws and regulations , through selecting effective control technology to analyze the costs and benefits of risk reduction.
There are a total of 2347 articles related to this, the analysis results are as follows: From the view of literature type, as shown in Table 1, the proportion of article is large, accounting for 67% of the total ; there are 148 review articles, accounting for 6 % of the total ; other types of articles ( data type, class notes , class meetings etc. ) of 633 , accounting for 27 % of the total .
Future research focus in the following areas: Collection and extraction ecological risk monitoring data.
Davos, Switzerland: 3 Extended Abstracts of International Disaster Reduction Conference, 2006: 907.

The greater the difference is, the more adverse effects on internal forces of the upper structure are[4]; In the interaction between structural weight and floor live load, the vertical settlement situation of each node on raft foundation model was calculated as the data listed in Table 2 below: Table 1 The chosen model projects according to the setting of strengthened storey Model number The number of strengthened storey [n] Position of strengthened storey [layer] Model number The number of strengthened storey[n] Position of strengthened storey [layer] Model 1 0 0 Model 5 2 4,17 Model 2 1 4 Model 6 2 4,37 Model 3 1 17 Model 7 2 17,37 Model 4 1 37 Model 8 3 4,17,37 Table 2 Vertical settlement and settlement difference of nodes on raft Model number Displacement of node [cm] Extreme displacement difference Settlement difference descend[%] maximum minimum Model 1 2.3553 1.6324 0.7229 0.00 Model 2 2.3760 1.7225 0.6535 9.60 Model 3 2.4016 1.7164 0.6852 5.25 Model 4 2.4135 1.7105 0.7030
When setting two strengthened storeys, the Model 5 whose strengthened storeys were set in lower and middle had the best effect to control the foundation settlement difference and the reduction of settlement difference reached 10.00%, which is fairly beneficial to structure.
As to Model 6, it also had a good effect and 9.19% settlement difference reduction; but the result of Model 7 whose strengthened storeys were set on top of the structure is not relatively obvious.
Via managing the data in Fig.1., Table 3 vertical settlement difference of points on axes of raft is obtained.

The input data of model used are briefly listed in the table below (Tab. 1) Tab. 1 – Characteristics of the test areas.
Coordinates: 41° 53' 33,5" and 12° 29' 31" Start of analysis: 23/07/ ore 07.00; Wind: Est – (3 m/s at z= 10m) Grid size: 320x320: Interval size of mesh 4 m Potential temperature (2500m): 298 K ; Specific Umidity (2500m): 3.5 g/Kg Tab. 2 – Imput data of test cases.
In Fig. 6 the values of the air temperatures over three types of grass lawns are reported: the effect of a higher LAD is at most a modest reduction of 0.3°C.
The vegetated surfaces, as aexpected, reduce the heat exchanged with the air and the soil; the reduction of the air and ground temperatures are markedly stronger for a uniform distribution of trees; they modify also the wind velocity field, producing two zone of relative stagnant air in front and downwind the test zone that cause an increase of the soil temperature, as shown in fig.4.

RIE of the SiC surface reduces the breakdown field by 0.5 MV/cm, significantly lower than the 2.4 MV/cm reduction observed by ICP etching [11].
While these differences in band offsets are statistically significant, they are smaller than the 0.2 eV barrier height reduction observed with ICP etching with dry thermal oxidation.
This data was extracted from 128 MOS capacitors from each etch process.
Vertical lines show the data range; asterisks are outliers.