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The comparison in unit cell volume (V0) of the samples is shown in Fig.3, where the lattice data of the tetragonal (a = 3.994 Å, c = 4.038 Å, V0 = 64.41 Å3, from JCPDS Cards: No. 5-626) and cubic BaTiO3 (a = 4.031 Å, V0 = 65.50 Å3, from JCPDS Cards: No. 31-174) are also given.
Table 1 shows ionic radii versus coordinate number (CN) [11].
However, a large number of Ti vacancies exist in the latter, which should cause a significant reduction in V0.
This suggests that a small number of Ce ions in CaCe55 entered Ba sites as Ce3+.
Ce ions cannot also occupy Ba sites completely as Ce3+ and a small number of Ce ions inevitably enter Ti sites as Ce4+.

The diffraction peaks can be indexed to the tetragonal phase of SnO2 with no other secondary phases which agreed well with the JCPDS data (JCPDS card no. 41-1445).
The lattice constants of SnO2 calculated from the XRD data, a = 4.70 Å and c = 3.18 Å are comparable with the JCPDS data.
(3) where B2, B4, etc. are the Bernoulli numbers (B2 = 1/6, B4 = -1/30, B6 = 1/42, B8 = -1/30 and etc.,) and , , etc., are the reduced moments
DWF obtained for SnO2 nanoparticles is large compared to the bulk value which is explained on the basis of large number of surface atoms in the nanoparticles.

Then, the observed peaks of the diffraction patterns were identify by comparing with similar magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite phases available on JCPDS data bank [20].
The predominant R-3m rhombohedral phase was identified for all of the calcined samples, by comparing with two JCPDS card numbers (89-461 and 89-5434).
A residual nitratine NaNO3 phase (JCPDS card number 89-2828) is also identified for all of the samples, which implicates the washing stage carried out is an important procedure in order to reach high purity calcined samples.
[20] JCPDS - Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards/International Center for Diffraction Data, Pennsylvania, Powder Diffraction File 2003

With varying of mesh number of the stainless substrates, their Fe2O3 nanowire structures are systematically characterized.
(d) (b) (c) (a) Figure 2 SEM images of nanowires growth on Mesh number (a) 40, (b) 60, (c) 80 and (d) 100.
Figure 3 Diameter of Nanowires on the difference mesh number.
The XRD pattern of nanowires on the mesh number 60 was shown in Figure 4.
It was found that the diffraction peaks related with crystalline phase of a-Fe2O3 (JCPDS card number79-0007), and Cr3O (JCPDS card number 72-5028) from substrate, respectively.

Existence of small amount of crystals (17.2% - 20.7%) in the SG is in tetragonal lattice with JCPDS card no. 9006287.
The presence of a large number of Bragg peaks in the ODA diffractogram is indicative of a highly ordered ODA molecules assembly.
ODA is an organic compound and no specific standard appeared from JCPDS database.
Therefore, combination of two JCPDS database 4111888 and 7108520 which are very close to ODA showed the crystalline peaks of ODA were indexed to cubic unit cells.
Acknowledgment Authors would like to thank Ministry of Higher Education and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for funding this project under research grant number BKBP-FST-K003323-2014, STGL-008-2012, ETP-2013-066 and TD-2014-024 as well as Centre of Research and Innovation Management (CRIM) for instruments facilities.

Recently, Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis has been applied for the synthesis of a number of materials [12,13].
The diffraction peaks are in good agreement with the aragonite CaCO3 crystals (JCPDS card number 05-453), with no peaks of vaterite and calcite were detected.
The XRD and IR pattern in Fig.4(d) and Fig.5(d) are corresponded to the product shown in Fig. 3(f), all diffraction can be indexed as calcite in Fig. 4(d)(JCPDS card number 05-0568 ).The bands at 874 and 713cm−1are the characteristic vibration bands of calcite in Fig. 5(d) [11].

All the peaks can be indexed to Sr2MgSi2O7 phase according to JCPDs card 75-1736, which indicates that single-phase phosphor was obtained, and the doped Eu2+ did not change the host crystal structure.
In Sr2MgSi2O7 crystal structure, the coordination number of Sr can be 6 and 8[11].
That is to say that Eu2+ will occupy two different lattice sites (Eu1 and Eu2) with coordination numbers of 6 or 8.
By using values of a for O (2.5 eV[13]), coordination number of Sr atom in Sr2MgSi2O7 (n=6 or 8), r=1.13 Å(n=6) and r=1.26Å (n=8), the calculated values and the measured ones are shown in Table 2.
Fig. 1 The XRD patterns of Sr2-xMgSi2O7:xEu2+(x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) and JCPDs card No 75-1736.

All the diffraction peaks can be readily indexed to the hexagonal b-Ni(OH)2 with a space group of ( JCPDS Card no. 14-0117 ).
The calculated lattice constants (a=0.3116nm，c=0.4618 nm for sample A, a = 0.3127 nm and c = 0.4610 nm for sample B, a = 0.3132 nm and c = 0.4616 nm for sample C, and a = 0.3134 nm and c = 0.4616 nm for sample D) are well consistent with the bulk values (a = 0.3126 nm, c = 0.4605 nm, JCPDS 14-0117) in the range of error.
The diffraction peaks of the other three samples are relatively sharp and their relative intensities are similar to those of the JCPDS file no.14-0117, seen in Fig. 1b-d.
With the amount of [Bmim]BF4 further increasing, this effect would be reinforced markedly, as a result, a large number of nanorods formed.

It has been reported that arsenic concentrations in drinking water above 100μg/L can cause vascular disorders, such as dermal pigments, and skin and lung cancer. [1] The European Union, the United States governments and a number of countries have therefore lowered the maximum contaminant level for total arsenic to 10μg/L in drinking water. [2] Among various arsenic removal technologies, adsorption is believed to be a most simple, efficiency and cost effective process, especially when the arsenic concentration in water is low as natural surface water or groundwater environments be.
A number of reported had demonstrated even As(III) can be removed from drinking water by TiO2 was very effective even without pre-oxidation process. [3, 4] These studies have proved the potential of TiO2 for arsenic removal.
It demonstrates that all diffraction peaks of B-TiO2 belong to the anatase phase (JCPDS Card Number 73-1764), and no peaks from the brookite phase and rutile (JCPDS Card Number 76-1936) could be observed.

The phases present in the porous bone graft samples were analyzed using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction; Rigaku ATX-G) with a monochromated CuKα radiation in reference to standard JCPDS 9-432 cards.
Thus, it is evident that bovine hydroxyapatite porous bone graft yielded from this research is single phase HA and is believed to be pure HA as indicated by the peak of the diffraction patterns (JCPDS 9-432).
A large number of bands in the spectra match the bands in the HA reference spectrum and are in agreement with the literature data on HA [14, 15].
Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS), International Center for Diffraction Data, Swathmore, PA
Osterode, SR-XRF Investigation Of Human Bone, JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2002, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Vol 45, (2002), p. 478-484