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The number 15-5 refers to the weight percentages of chromium (~15%) and nickel (~5%) that make up the alloy [1,2].
The grain size of the conventionally processed alloy was 26.7µm to 31.8µm.
For the DMLS processed alloy, the grain size was 5.6µm to 6.7µm [1].
The exact mechanical strength and metallurgical condition depend on the specific part number.
The grains appear to be very fine in size and hard to reveal [1, 12].

These sound waves travel through the material and are reflected at interfaces such as surface boundaries, grain boundaries, cracks, and pores.
It determines numbers, locations and types of weld defects based on DIN EN 1713.
A number of researchers have attempted to present systems or techniques to automate the procedure [6].
The developed algorithm recognizes serious defects, measure their numbers, and locations.
The numbers of defects are determined in the next stage.

Then, each atom occupies a certain number of simulation grid sites.
In the multi­component systems, the number of types of fratons is equal to the number of different atomic components of the system.
Within the phase field model [8], the microstructure can be characterized by the coarse grained concentrations cα(r, t) of components α, and by the long range order (LRO) parameters ηi characterising the crystal symmetry of coexis­ ting phases (i = 1, n, where n is equal to the number of coexisting phases in considered system).
Nd is the number of relocated atoms per cascade.
Then, each atom occupies a certain number of simulation grid points.

Fig.2 presents SEM images of the typical microstructures of the ceramic core samples, As shown in Fig.2, the amount of pores existed in the ceramic core samples is diminished with the added quantity of SiO2 micro-powders, and the ceramic cores become closer packing, that is because SiO2 micro-powders worked as filling distribute evenly in the gaps between big alumina grains, and shorten the distance between the alumina grains dramatically, besides, SiO2 would react with alumina matrix materials when sintering, and generate new reinforced mullite phase which can help to improve the close combination of the ceramic core.
However, there is too little mullite phase to be observed by SEM, compared with substantial numbers of alumina in the ceramic, except by other detection means.
According to the SEM and XRD analysis results, it can be concluded that the generation of new mullite phase is the key factor that helps to strengthen the connection between the ceramic grains, therefore reinforce the ceramic core and make it obtaining high flexural strength.
Acknowledgements: Supported by the Opening Project of Key Laboratory for Advanced Building Materials of Sichuan Province (grant number 09ZXXK07) and the Scientific Research Fundation of the Southwest University of Science and Technology (grant number 09zx7117).

In this work, the accelerating voltage was fixed at 23.4 kV, and the number of treating pulsed was chosen as 1, 6, 15, 25 pulses.
As shown in Fig. 2a, the initial material consists of pearlite and ferrite phases with an average grain size of about 40 µm and 60 µm, respectively.
As the pulse number increased, the quantity of crater decreased and the surface became flatter and smoother.
After 1 pulse of HCPEB irradiation, the peaks of α-Fe were broadened a lot which reflect the formation of refined grains in the surface modified layers.
With the increasing number of HCPEB pulses, the peaks of martensite was intensified and broadened.

It has also been reported that screw dislocations and grain boundaries increase leakage current, however, the correlation was not clear.
In Fig. 4, the leakage current densities are plotted as a function of the number of dislocations included in diodes.
It seemed that there was no correlation between leakage current and number of dislocations.
The bright spots shown in Fig. 5(a) corresponded to a line of edge dislocations forming a grain boundary.
Fig. 4 Correlation between leakage current density and number of dislocations.

Chateau and others install laser sensor on combine-harvesters, which realizes automatic navigation by getting the marginal information of the uncollected grain according to the distance between collected grain and uncollected grain.
Control signals can be expressed as numbers 0 and 1.
There are enough numbers of photocells ranking on the photoelectricity detector device according to certain regulation.
Through comparing the gross of current obtain a maximum of 16 column current as the area where the flare is，according to the regional numbers and central regions of comparative calculate robot deviate center distance horizontal，Photoelectricity detector whose main task is to detect the location of Laser beam shooting point and correct upload results data.

The film crystallinity and grain size of the inner layer with different LDPE/EVA blend proportions were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
Large number of fruits rots and suffered rather high losses every year.
The effect of different LDPE/EVA proportion on film crystallinity and grain size, as well as the micro interpretation of water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and SO2 transmission rate changes were characterized.
The molecular proton peak at retention time of 1.49s is 63.94 which is similar to the mass number of SO2 and consequently proves the release of SO2 bactericide in fresh-keeping packaging bags.
Obviously, the application of this novel packaging film (bag) could efficiently reduce grape water loss and grain shattering, decrease consumption of soluble solids and organic acids, and maintain the hardness and appearance.

The microstructure of the alloy, even at 300°C, appeared largely unrecrystallized, with elongated grains; also at 400°C, the structure is more equiaxed, but elongated structures still appears.
The von Mises equivalent stress, σ, and equivalent strain, ε, were calculated using the relationships: )'n'm3( 3R2 M3 ++ π =σ (1) L3 RN2 π =ε (2) Where R and L are the gauge radius and length, respectively, N is the number of revolutions, M is the torque, m' (strain rate sensitivity coefficient) at constant strain is Nlog/Mlog &∂∂ , and n'(strain hardening coefficient) at constant strain rate is Nlog/Mlog ∂∂ .
An interesting feature of the flow curves for ZM21 is the presence of yielding i.e. of a short strain range without load increase, an effect probably due to a sudden increase in the number of dislocations unpinned from their solute atmosphere (either Zn or Mn).
By contrast, at 350 and 400°C the structure is more equiaxed, and grains/subgrains are larger at the higher temperature (Figure 6).
The different ductility observed in AZ31 and ZM21 is thus an effect of the different susceptibility to dynamic recovery and recrystallization; albeit this process seems to proceed following a similar pattern (necklace-type recrystallization), while AZ31 recrystallizes at 300 and even at 250°C, provided that the initial grain size is sufficiently fine [3], in the case of the ZM21 this limit is shifted towards higher temperatures.

was Ivantsov function, p was Péclet Number.
El-Azab. et al Phase field modeling of the effect of porosity on grain growth kinetics in polycrystalline ceramics.
Analysis of competitive growth mechanism of stray grains of single crystal super-alloys during directional solidification process.
Grain growth competition during thin-sample directional solidification of dendritic microstructures: A phase-field study.
Growth competition of columnar dendritic grains: A phase-field study.