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Online since: September 2013
Authors: Olubunmi Tolulope Popoola, Abraham A. Asere
The data obtained is useful in application of fluidized bed combustion for energy production using Lafia-Obi Coal
Introduction
Nigeria is beginning to embrace coal as an alternative means for electrical power generation[1].According to Nigerian Coal Corporation [2], the middle Benue trough where Lafia-Obi is located, is considered to be a very prospective area because the depths to the mature coal zones are moderate (2-4 km).
Hence, the complete data necessary for the calculation and design of FBC boilers can be obtained only experimentally, by measurements and observation of coal behavior in a prototype fluidized bed under real operating conditions [6].
Data showing the effect of coal size, fragmentation and rate of bottom ash generation are presented.
All data gathered were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis.
The data obtained is useful in application of fluidized bed combustion for energy production using Lafia-Obi Coal References [1] Online Article: Cooljoe.
Hence, the complete data necessary for the calculation and design of FBC boilers can be obtained only experimentally, by measurements and observation of coal behavior in a prototype fluidized bed under real operating conditions [6].
Data showing the effect of coal size, fragmentation and rate of bottom ash generation are presented.
All data gathered were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis.
The data obtained is useful in application of fluidized bed combustion for energy production using Lafia-Obi Coal References [1] Online Article: Cooljoe.
Online since: June 2013
Authors: Peng Bo Xiu, Tian Le Zhang
It is difficult to extract technical reference information and management decision-making data required for machine tool manufacturers by labor statistics.
The Microsoft ACCESS software, with powerful data processing and statistical analysis capabilities, are easy to be developed into various types of enterprise management software [5].
The table information for machine workbench includes drawing number and name, plotting date, modified data and instruction, and parts type (machine workbench, tailstock, or other parts).
Pre-producing information includes designers’ name, production number, producing data, order number, machine order number, machine number, machine model and quantity, drawing number, tailstock drawing number, and production instruction.
It is convenient to query the pre- produce, performance and application data while viewing machine workbench drawings technical information.
The Microsoft ACCESS software, with powerful data processing and statistical analysis capabilities, are easy to be developed into various types of enterprise management software [5].
The table information for machine workbench includes drawing number and name, plotting date, modified data and instruction, and parts type (machine workbench, tailstock, or other parts).
Pre-producing information includes designers’ name, production number, producing data, order number, machine order number, machine number, machine model and quantity, drawing number, tailstock drawing number, and production instruction.
It is convenient to query the pre- produce, performance and application data while viewing machine workbench drawings technical information.
Online since: March 2011
Authors: Sallehuddin Mohamed Haris, Choon Lih Hoo
The use of FLC could avoid the problem of seeking out appropriate mathematical relationships, since the model is obtained directly from input–output data without any knowledge of internal system parameters.
GA offers easier starting inputs estimation and only the best (high fitness value) of the population will be selected for crossover and mutation processes to form the new data population in order to avoid falling into a local minimum.
The result is verified by the finite element method and has shown a 90% reduction.
Hybrid AI also plays a significant role in modelling such as in [18] where experimental data approximation and "maps" of flux distribution, including non-sinusoidal flux distribution and saturation, are modelled.
Serra: Reduction of the Torque Ripple in Permanent Magnet Actuators by a Multi-Objective Minimization Technique.
GA offers easier starting inputs estimation and only the best (high fitness value) of the population will be selected for crossover and mutation processes to form the new data population in order to avoid falling into a local minimum.
The result is verified by the finite element method and has shown a 90% reduction.
Hybrid AI also plays a significant role in modelling such as in [18] where experimental data approximation and "maps" of flux distribution, including non-sinusoidal flux distribution and saturation, are modelled.
Serra: Reduction of the Torque Ripple in Permanent Magnet Actuators by a Multi-Objective Minimization Technique.
Online since: May 2016
Authors: Manoj Kumar
These results were then compared to data from deformation dilatometer experiments simulating the process chain.
This principle postulates that a thermodynamic system changes in the direction of maximum Gibbs free energy reduction.
The reduction in energy occurs by migration of interfaces, diffusion of all components in the precipitates, and diffusion of all components in the matrix.
The thermodynamic and diffusion information of solute elements and precipitate phases to set-up the system of matrix and precipitates were read from the thermodynamic data base (mc_al2.010.tdb) and diffusion data base (mc_al_2.001.ddb).
It can be seen the heating rate has no significant effect on the UTS values implying the optimum selection of heating rate should be based on ease of equipment integration and reduction of processing time.
This principle postulates that a thermodynamic system changes in the direction of maximum Gibbs free energy reduction.
The reduction in energy occurs by migration of interfaces, diffusion of all components in the precipitates, and diffusion of all components in the matrix.
The thermodynamic and diffusion information of solute elements and precipitate phases to set-up the system of matrix and precipitates were read from the thermodynamic data base (mc_al2.010.tdb) and diffusion data base (mc_al_2.001.ddb).
It can be seen the heating rate has no significant effect on the UTS values implying the optimum selection of heating rate should be based on ease of equipment integration and reduction of processing time.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Hong Tian, Zheng Zhu Liao
The instrument has a computer data processing system Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analyzer combined thermal analyzer, the thermobalance accuracy is 1μg, maximum sample weight 2000mg, temperature measurement range is from 293K to 1623K, the heating rate is 30 K/min, gas flow rate is ≤100ml/min, experimental atmosphere is nitrogen.
The specific data setting is shown in Table1, experimental conditions are in accordance with the experimental samples of different particle size, different frequency and the different power of the ultrasonic radiation, the ultrasonic radiation time is 90 seconds.
The conversion method is to obtain the excess water before ultrasonic radiation is 5.74%-3.10%=2.64%, a corresponding total moisture content reduction is 100%-2.64%=97.36%.
Table 2 Proximate and ultimate analysis of samples Mad (%) Vad (%) Qb,ad (MJ/kg) Cad (%) Had (%) 200M,800W,20kHz 3.10 19.03 5.86 12.84 2.25 200M 5.74 19.12 5.36 12.57 2.17 200M(conversion data) 3.10 19.64 5.36(No conversion) 12.91 2.23 Analysis of experimental results Analysis of experimental sample and its industrial analysis results and elemental analysis results The larger particle size 20M of oil shale completely become smaller particle size after ultrasonic radiation experiment.
Volatile content reduction of oil shale after ultrasonic radiation which means that ultrasonic can be able to decompose the organic matter of oil shale solution.
The specific data setting is shown in Table1, experimental conditions are in accordance with the experimental samples of different particle size, different frequency and the different power of the ultrasonic radiation, the ultrasonic radiation time is 90 seconds.
The conversion method is to obtain the excess water before ultrasonic radiation is 5.74%-3.10%=2.64%, a corresponding total moisture content reduction is 100%-2.64%=97.36%.
Table 2 Proximate and ultimate analysis of samples Mad (%) Vad (%) Qb,ad (MJ/kg) Cad (%) Had (%) 200M,800W,20kHz 3.10 19.03 5.86 12.84 2.25 200M 5.74 19.12 5.36 12.57 2.17 200M(conversion data) 3.10 19.64 5.36(No conversion) 12.91 2.23 Analysis of experimental results Analysis of experimental sample and its industrial analysis results and elemental analysis results The larger particle size 20M of oil shale completely become smaller particle size after ultrasonic radiation experiment.
Volatile content reduction of oil shale after ultrasonic radiation which means that ultrasonic can be able to decompose the organic matter of oil shale solution.
Online since: October 2006
Authors: Tangali S. Sudarshan, Roman Drachev, E. Deyneka, C. Rhodes, J. Schupp
In order to obtain quantitative data for comparison, numerical modeling has been employed.
Results and Discussion Based on numerical simulation data and according to the comparative procedure steps, the following analysis of the alternative versus conventional designs of SiC PVT bulk growth reactors is concluded.
Otherwise, the recrystallization layer would partially or completely block the source-seed SiXCY mass flux, leading to growth rate reduction below acceptable levels.
Furthermore, only the crystal backside temperature profiling (reduction) can prevent the growth rate from decreasing to zero [4, 14] as the ingot length reaches its upper limit.
data obtained from numerical modeling of the reactors being compared.
Results and Discussion Based on numerical simulation data and according to the comparative procedure steps, the following analysis of the alternative versus conventional designs of SiC PVT bulk growth reactors is concluded.
Otherwise, the recrystallization layer would partially or completely block the source-seed SiXCY mass flux, leading to growth rate reduction below acceptable levels.
Furthermore, only the crystal backside temperature profiling (reduction) can prevent the growth rate from decreasing to zero [4, 14] as the ingot length reaches its upper limit.
data obtained from numerical modeling of the reactors being compared.
Online since: November 2005
Authors: G.E. Kodjaspirov, R. Sulyagin, A. Rudskoy, C. Apostolopoulos
The results of the mechanical tests (YS (yield stress), TS (tensile strength), A (elongation),
RA (reduction in area) and KCV are given in Table 2, together with the values of the HTMP
parameters.
Х3 = (vcool - 16.8) / 8.4 where Y1 : yield strength; Y2 : tensile strength; Y3 : elongation; Y4 : reduction in area.
VAR4 (Casewise deletion of missing data) Fig.2.
Decreasing the number of passes from 5 to 3 is accompanied by a small reduction in strength - on average 20% - 25%.
It must be pointed out that the lower bainite structure formed after phase transformation shows evidence of inheriting the fragmented hot deformed austenite, according to the data in 7 - 8.
Х3 = (vcool - 16.8) / 8.4 where Y1 : yield strength; Y2 : tensile strength; Y3 : elongation; Y4 : reduction in area.
VAR4 (Casewise deletion of missing data) Fig.2.
Decreasing the number of passes from 5 to 3 is accompanied by a small reduction in strength - on average 20% - 25%.
It must be pointed out that the lower bainite structure formed after phase transformation shows evidence of inheriting the fragmented hot deformed austenite, according to the data in 7 - 8.
Online since: July 2017
Authors: Alexander Ivanovich Lotkov, Ivan Evgen'evich Fedorov, Polina Vladimirovna Abramova, Andrey V. Korshunov
Plasma-immersion implantation of NiTi with oxygen leads to a significant reduction of Ni content (1,6-7 at. %) in the surface layer to the depth of 10 nm.
Maximum of cathodic current on voltammograms at E=–0,8 V corresponds to reduction of oxidized nickel species (oxide-hydroxide films) formed during anodic oxidation.
The obtained electrochemical data are clearly coincides with results of Auger spectrometry: superficial oxide layer of sample 17 is too thin to be a resistant surface passive film to prevent breakdown at high positive potentials.
It follows from the obtained data that samples with Si-modified surface are much more stable in Cl–-containing medium at positive potentials.
The obtained microscopy data are in good agreement with the results of electrochemical measurements.
Maximum of cathodic current on voltammograms at E=–0,8 V corresponds to reduction of oxidized nickel species (oxide-hydroxide films) formed during anodic oxidation.
The obtained electrochemical data are clearly coincides with results of Auger spectrometry: superficial oxide layer of sample 17 is too thin to be a resistant surface passive film to prevent breakdown at high positive potentials.
It follows from the obtained data that samples with Si-modified surface are much more stable in Cl–-containing medium at positive potentials.
The obtained microscopy data are in good agreement with the results of electrochemical measurements.
Online since: February 2022
Authors: Artem I. Lizunov, Saeed Kamali, Zhanna V. Eremeeva, Yury V. Konyukhov
It prevents chromium oxide reduction by boron carbide in the presence of carbon.
Phase composition of the products of the interaction of boron carbide with chromium oxide according to the data of mass spectrometric and X-ray phase analyses.
According to the data of X-ray analysis (Table 1, mixture 2), the interaction of the components begins already around 700 °C, where the presence of B2O3 and B8C phases in solid products indicates the participation of both C and B in the Cr2O3 reduction process.
C in mixture 5 also causes the reduction of oxide, as evidenced by the release of CO already at 980 °C and the formation of the Cr7BC4 phase, as in mixture 2.
However, in the Cr2O3-B4C system, chromium carbides are present as intermediate phases up to 1400 °C, while in the Cr2O3-4B-C system, they are no longer detected above 1300 °C, which is in accordance with the previously obtained data [9-11, 15, 17].
Phase composition of the products of the interaction of boron carbide with chromium oxide according to the data of mass spectrometric and X-ray phase analyses.
According to the data of X-ray analysis (Table 1, mixture 2), the interaction of the components begins already around 700 °C, where the presence of B2O3 and B8C phases in solid products indicates the participation of both C and B in the Cr2O3 reduction process.
C in mixture 5 also causes the reduction of oxide, as evidenced by the release of CO already at 980 °C and the formation of the Cr7BC4 phase, as in mixture 2.
However, in the Cr2O3-B4C system, chromium carbides are present as intermediate phases up to 1400 °C, while in the Cr2O3-4B-C system, they are no longer detected above 1300 °C, which is in accordance with the previously obtained data [9-11, 15, 17].
Online since: August 2008
Authors: Lírio Schaeffer, Andreas Schaeffer, Dalva Maria Pereira Padilha, Alexandre Futterleib, Alexandre Baroni
The properties inherent to the MIM process, such as better
surface finish, production of near-net-shape parts, microstructural homogeneity and control of part
porosity are extremely relevant for the advance of research in the field of osseointegration, besides
contributing to the reduction of the final cost of manufacturing
The MIM process is the result of combining the thermoplastic molding process with the
powder metallurgy process.
This profile was obtained from a radial cut in the screw and the reference "0" of the data collection points was the center of the screw cross-section in its median region.
Distance from the center of rotation Table 3 shows the data collected in the three samples tested, considering that the microhardness of the sample varies as regards the rotation axis.
These data are shown in Table 4.
Fig. 9- Sintered prototype 3 weeks Fig. 10 - Milled prototype 3 weeks after after implant implant Conclusion The MIM process proved technically feasible as an alternative for the production of sintered parts for dental implants, highlighting the reduction in the number of manufacturing stages, and cost reduction for purchasing raw materials compared to conventional processes
This profile was obtained from a radial cut in the screw and the reference "0" of the data collection points was the center of the screw cross-section in its median region.
Distance from the center of rotation Table 3 shows the data collected in the three samples tested, considering that the microhardness of the sample varies as regards the rotation axis.
These data are shown in Table 4.
Fig. 9- Sintered prototype 3 weeks Fig. 10 - Milled prototype 3 weeks after after implant implant Conclusion The MIM process proved technically feasible as an alternative for the production of sintered parts for dental implants, highlighting the reduction in the number of manufacturing stages, and cost reduction for purchasing raw materials compared to conventional processes