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From the Fig.5, it shows that there are lots of circular-like and paraboloid-like compounds microaggregates, and most of these grains are contected 5-7 other grains in the Fig.5.
These grains are determined as Cu6Sn5 from the atom number proportion achieved by composition analysis(Fig.6) and the Refs. [5,8-9].
The forming reason of Ag3Sn phase is described as below: the Ag3Sn grain can be stochastic moving at certain speed rate in the solidifying process of the solder alloy, and it maybe hit the surface of the Cu6Sn5 compound because of heat motion, and then the Ag3Sn grain will be captured by the adsorption action during soldering, because of the higher activity existed in the interface, meanwhile the interface activity will decrease accordingly once captured the Ag3Sn microaggregate.

Fig.1 (b) indicated that this sample was mainly composed of TiC faceted grains and Ti3AlC2 lathed grains (identified by EDS).
The average size of the TiC grain was 2 µm.
Fig. 4 demonstrated that the samples were basically composed of Ti3AlC2 lathed grains.
On the contrary, TiC grains significantly decreased in number.

The average grain diameter was about 9 µm.
The numbers on the contours represent efficiency of power dissipation in percent.
Grain size and ductility.
The grain size has continuously increased with deformation temperature in Domain #1 but showed a peak value at 450 oC in Domain #2.
Liu, Superplasticity of coarse-grained magnesium alloy, Scripta Mater. 46 (2002) 269-274

The deformation twins with thickness of tens to hundreds nanometers cross over the original grains and serve as obstacles for further dislocation motion.
The hot rolled microstructures consist of equiaxed grains with average grain sizes of 15 mm in the both steels.
The fine grains that developed during hot working provide strengthening above 100 MPa for the both steels.
The yield strength of the carbon-free steel depends remarkably on the grain size strengthening, which exceeds the solid solution strengthening.
The number of deformation twins per unit area is much smaller in the Fe-28Mn-1.5Al steel than that in the Fe-18Mn-0.6C-1.5Al-0.07Nb steel.

G.Sazaki et al [19] found that the magnetic fields of 10T reduced the number of nuclei and oriented the protein crystals.
If the absolute value of ）（ dzdBB became large enough, most of the structures changed to equiaxed grains (Fig.2 (d)).
From (a) and (b), it is found that under the high positive gradient magnetic field, the crystal grains sizes were decreased and some equiaxed grains appeared.
When there were both magnetic fields and gradient magnetic fields acting on the metal, the equiaxed grains became a little larger.
This causes grain multiplication and promotes the columnar equiaxed transition, finally refines the grains.

In the Krasnodar Territory walnut grows everywhere, there are a large number of large and small processing walnut enterprises, which have difficulties with the sale and disposal of the nutshell.
To determine the grain composition with minimal void ratio, mixtures of different grain composition were compiled.
The grain composition of the mixture with the minimum void ratio is presented in Table 2.
Grain composition of the mixture with minimum void ratio.
Grain composition was determined to ensure minimal hollowness of the aggregate.

Diffusion and dislocation creep mechanisms as well as slip along the grain boundaries operate at high temperatures [1].
This is connected with a large number of local deformation band which do not necessarily are dislocated across the whole sample.
At a temperature above 700˚C were observed and the effects of beginning dynamic recrystallization on the grain boundaries (Fig.7).
Microcracks on the grain boundaries of copper alloy CNP after tensile test at a ) 500oC, b) 600°C a) b) Fig. 8.
Worthington: Reply to “on the grain-size dependence of the activation energy associated with serrated yielding” Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 4, Issue 4, (1970) p. 295-297

When compared with pure PLLA, the composite system showed decreased spherulite size, lower degree of order and an increase in the number of grains.
From fig.2 it can clearly seen that the morphology, size and number of the spherulites were all strongly influenced by the addition of OMMT.
When compared with pure PLLA, the composite system showed decreased spherulite size, lower degree of order and more grains.

The results show by increasing the solution movement, it has been possible to obtain higher rate of plating and Ni deposits with higher hardness and finer grain structures.
Titanium has been used in a number of aircraft applications because of the high strength to weight ratio of titanium and its alloys.
Thickness increase almost linearly as the flow rate is increased.From figure 6, plating at the lowest speed gave the lowest hardness value while plating at the highest temperature gave the highest hardness value.Chang et al. [3] has reported that decreasing the grain size shows beneficial effect in terms of increasing hardness and wear resistance.
Conclusion By increasing the solution movement, it has been possible to obtain higher rate of plating and Ni deposits with higher hardness and finer grain structures.By using high speed electroplating and by maintaining a narrow gap between the anode and the cathode, it has been possible to electrodeposit Ni directly on Ti without any pre-treatment or even without any traditional cleaning before plating.

It was found that PtCu-LaOx composite membrane with Pt loading less than 0.045mg/cm2 (the electrode area), and that the orientation growing of Pt(111) and Pt(200) would be promoted, and that Pt-Pt interval on surface of PtCu-LaOx would reduce owing to Cu was dissolved from (Pt) through H2SO4 solution treatment, and that average grain size of PtCu-LaOx decreased and crystal face spacing steady along with rising concentration.
The average grain size (D) of F-1 and F-2 samples, on the basis of information in Pt(111) diffraction peak and Sherrer equation (Eq. 1) and Bragg equation (Eq. 2), was work out respectively and shown in Table 2, and found that D would decrease along with rising H2SO4 concentration
(1) (2) Where, D is average grain size, k is constant of Sherrer (0.9), λ is X-ray wavelength (0.15405nm), θ is diffraction angle of Bragg, β is FWHM, d is crystal face spacing, n is natural number.