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Confidence index of above 0.1 was used for calculation of misorientations and average grain sizes.
The spectra for Cr2O3 recorded for all specimens at a wave number of 660 cm-1 [23].
The signatures of grain fragmentation is evident during plastic deformation of austenitic stainless steels.
The EBSD IQ map revealed such as grain fragmentations as shown in Fig,2.
It is also noted that the spectra of Cr2O3 form at 660cm-1 wave number [13].

Conversely, the presence of M23C6 on the grain boundaries can make sliding more difficult for grain boundaries, therefore improving creep ductility [31].
MnS inclusions have beneficial effects in improving machinability and retarding grain growth in steels.
The extended Becker’s model functions to estimate coherent interfacial energy (Eq. 1) by using thermodynamic data from existing CALPHAD thermodynamic databases: σc=nszsNAzl∆Es (1) where σc is the coherent interfacial energy, ns is the number of atoms per unit area at the interface, zs is the number of cross bonds per atom at the interface, zl is the coordination number of an atom within the bulk crystal lattice, and ∆Es is the energy of solution in a multicomponent system involving the two phases being considered [49].
The authors are grateful for the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant numbers 51375364, 52075417].
Raabe, Effect of grain refinement to 1μm on strength and toughness of dual-phase steels, Mater.

Table 1The material parameters of wood Wood Density kg/m3 Bending modulus of elasticity×105Pa Poisson's ratio Old wood 410 83073 0.25 Table 2 Adjustment factor consider the long-term effects and loads of wood aging wood of ancient architecture[15] Building construction time ago (years) Adjustment factor Compressive strength parallel to grain design Bending strength parallel to grain shear design Compressive strength parallel to grain design 100 0.95 0.90 0.95 300 0.85 0.80 0.85 >500 0.75 0.70 0.75 Fig. 1 Three-dimensional beam element Beam4 Fig. 2 The tenon connection virtual unit Combin14 Semi-rigid beam-column connection tenon with Combin14 simulation unit, the unit can be applied to simulate one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional space in the vertical or torsional spring - damper effect.
Fig.3 Calculation model The Bell Tower wooden beams and columns section size in Table 3, the number shown in Fig.3.
Table 3 The Bell Tower wooden beam and column sizes COLUMN Z-1 Z-2 — Sectiondiameter D(mm) 500 700 — Beam L-1 L-2 L-3 Section sizeb×h(mm2) 300×700 300×800 200×300 Table 4 The natural frequencies of structure serial number 1 order 2 order 3 order 4 order 5 order 6 order Calculated value (node ​​rigid) 1.0399 1.0399 1.3232 1.4985 5.5081 7.3101 Calculated value (k=1×1011kN·m/rad) 0.9826 0.9826 1.2786 1.4562 5.4235 7.1646 Calculated value (k=1×1010kN·m/rad) 0.9628 0.9628 1.2251 1.3875 5.1000 6.7686 Calculated value (k=1×109kN·m/rad) 0.9425 0.9425 1.1234 1.3643 4.9654 6.5438 Measured 0.9626 0.9583 — 3.1607 4.2087 8.0015 Known from Table 4, with the decrease of bending stiffness of the spring, the structure of the natural frequency decreases, when the elastic bending stiffness of 1×1010kN • m / rad, the structure of the first 2 natural frequencies and monitoring the calculated value closer.

On the other hand – a dense coating has lower oil-retaining capability due to decreased volume and number of pores, which results in increased intensity of wear during friction with lubrication.
Photos shown in Fig. 7 indicate that after roll forming structural changes occurred in the surface of the steel base, namely deformations and crushing of grains.
From the microphotos it is seen that by the separation boundary the conjunctions of grains is dense, and there are no defects observed.
After welding fine-grained coatings are obtained – a composite material consisting from highly deformed sprayed particles, bounded with each other along the contact layers of surfaces by welded areas.
Strength of the welded areas depends on the number of contact points, which are formed over the area when particles hit the base, deformation and hardening of a particle, and is defined by the evolution of chemical elements in the contact.

These tests show that even though there are distinct differences of compressible strength between the radial and tangential directions across the grain of timber, they are much smaller than that parallel to the grain. [3-5] However, there have been few records of the measurements of the elasticity modulus and Poisson ratio of timber, which is significant to FEM calculation.
Table 1 Mass of the test samples completely dried Number Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Weight [g] 12.01 12.01 12.12 Fig.3 The tangential, radial, and longitudinal test samples Fig.4 The drying of test samples Nine pieces weighing between 13.30-13.60g (to ensure the moisture rate between 9-15%) have been selected from the samples, of which the numbers of longitudinal, radial and tangential ones are all 3.
Method for Determination of the Modulus of Elasticity in Compression Perpendicular to Grain of Wood.

A series of complex phenomenon occurred inside the grains after a shock.
Figure 1 shows a single stainless steel transmission electron microscope image after the impact test, from the figure 1 we can see the grains began to appear a variety of structural defects after the impact, especially dislocations of them were very clarity.
From the figure we can clearly see the impact of a single impact and compared to five, after a laser shock, the enhancement area with a high density of dislocations along the grain boundary outward expansion, and distribution.
In the deformation process, the number of dislocations will be a substantial increase, as the deformation increases, this phenomenon is more obvious, which is mostly related with the high pressure of laser shock deformation, the role of a short time and strain rate characteristics.
It also can be seen that the impact of dislocation and five samples significantly increased with the emergence of dislocation tangles, and the relatively uniform distribution, the number of induced martensite transformation is relatively increased, which is determined by the deformation rate of the shock.

First remove a large number of primary sludge, and then doing the studies of grinding and flotation.
FC75-5-0/A-C/14~16 +10um -10um Underflow Overflow Sample Considering the grain size recovery and P2O5 recovery indicators, more appropriate conditions for the application of cyclone is FC75-5-0/AC/14~16(cyclone model- vertebral angle - the number of cylinder / overflow mouth model-grit mouth model), operating pressure of 0.20MPa; the main indicators of ore sample test results shown in table 3.
Fig.1 Desliming flow chart Table 3 The test results of cyclone desliming/% Items Oveflow Underflow Classification efficiency 10 um P2O5 grade density yield fineness -10um P2O5 grade density yield fineness -10um Content 17.48 4.97 42.52 81.37 22.58 33.36 57.48 13.02 68.54 Table 3 shows that the hydrocyclone can be removed about 80% or less grain and low-grade P2O5 products of 10μm, achieve a better results on desliming. 2.2 Experimental study of flotation after desliming The ore samples to study is formulated based on the proportion of grain size by the grit which is the above test of selected cyclone parameters and +0.15 mm coarse ore products, the test sample’s mainly chemical composition are shown in table 4.

Introduction As one of the key components of the turbofan engine, the wide chord hollow fan blade can increase engine compressor surge margin, resist foreign object damage, improve engine thrust and decrease leaf number and weight [1].
The grinding wheels were made from 20 mm long×30 mm diameter cylindrical steel substrates, which were single layer electroplated with CBN abrasives of grain sizes 80~100#, as shown in Fig. 3(a).
Meanwhile, the increase of the amount of grains leads to frictional force increasing.
The average undeformed chip thickness agmax was calculated according to the following formula [6]: (1) where vw is the feed speed, vv is grinding speed, Nd is effective cutting edge number, C is the ratio of average cutting thickness and width of each working cutting edge, ap is the cutting deep, de is the nominal diameter.
The metallographic tests show that the change of the crystal size and the grain distortion are not obvious in the metallographical structure.

. % strontium addition was used to change the size and morphology of the Al-Si eutectic grains.
The centrifugal casting process were carried out on the equipment designed and constructed in the part of scientific work financed by National Science Centre (project number: N N508 630 540).
In turn the 0.03% strontium addition was used to change the size and morphology of the Al-Si eutectic grains.

Effect of Ti and Sb Elements Addition on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Hot-Dip Galvanized Zn-11Al-3Mg Alloy Huijie Suna, Guorong Zhoub*, Mingming Zhangc, Xuefeng Wangd, Shui Yue and Ge Zhangf University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China a201821200585@mail.ujn.edu.cn, bmse_zhougr@ujn.edu.cn, c201821100119@mail.ujn.edu.cn, d20170121137@mail.ujn.edu.cn, e201930121472@mail.ujn.edu.cn, f201830121264@mail.ujn.edu.cn Keywords: Zn-11Al-3Mg alloy, Grain refinement, Corrosion resistance, Electrochemical performance Abstract.
The results showed that the grain size of the alloy was obviously refined with the addition of Ti and Sb elements, due to Al3Ti phase as the nucleation substrate resulted in the transformation of Al-rich phase from dendrite to petal-like.
A large number of scientific literatures have shown that in order to improve the long-term anti-corrosion stability of the galvanized and reduce the cost, adding some alloy elements can improve the corrosion resistance and comprehensive mechanical properties [7-11].
On the other hand, Al3Ti can be used as nucleation matrix to refine grains.