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Those numbers were obtained with cleaning performed immediatly after CMP.
The roughness after HF is higher than the roughness after P1: HF increases the grain boundary surface.
In literature infact, several mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of hillocks:a) the formation of Cu-N compounds at grain boundaries that genearate stress in Cu when it is annealed [3], b) the different stress induced in Cu by copper oxide at grain boundaries, i.e. after HF, c) the H embrittlement in Cu during annealing [4].
Defectivity analysis done on wafers cleaned with citric after Cu CMP that have waited 24 hours between citric and SiN deposition shows that the number of hillocks is quite high (30 def/cm2).
The number instead is reduced again if a citric treatment is repeated before the deposition of SiN, as can be seen in Figure 9.

Maximum elongation of 216% and strain rate sensitivity of 0.36 were obtained at 723k and a strain rate of 1×10-3s-1, whose fracture was due to the growth and interlinkage of cavities that nucleated at grain boundary.
Microstructure observation and measurement of linear intercept grain sizes were carried out on a optical microscope.
It is evident that the fracture surface is characterized by a combination of inter-granular cracks and inside grain dimples.
(4) Where is number density for micro-damage; is nucleation size; is variation of damage size; d is the shape factor of micro-damage, and for sphere cavities, there is a=p/6,, and is the volume fraction of damage.
Effect of stress state on cavitation and hot forming limits of a coarse-grained A15052 alloy.

The reactions at higher temperatures are suspected twinning transformation of the B19 grains to form martensite.
Producing the alloy by conventional melting methods poses a number of challenges related to the high melting points of Ti and Pt, and difficulties in achieving alloy homogeneity.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis determined these events to be crystallisation of the amorphous phase, followed at a higher temperature by internal twinning of the crystalline grains to form the martensite phase [14].
These peaks are suspected to be internal twinning transformations of the B19 grains to form martensite, accompanied by some degree of grain growth.
At higher temperatures, 839-970 °C, the powder undergoes a suspected twinning transformation of the crystalline grains.

Fine ferrite grain grants favorable combinations of toughness and strength.
Both precipitation hardening and grain refinement showed increasing of impact transition temperature (ITT).
It contributes all the rolling conditions, with the resulting grain size after hot deformation [26].
All deformation parameters of simulation process (temperatures, number of passes as well as the strain rate) are coincidence with the pilot plant data [34].
Fig. 5 shows fine grained ferrite microstructure as a result of early cooling.

Softening in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and fusion zone (FZ) of the welds was observed, the former due to grain coarsening and the latter due to the dissolution of the hardening precipitates as well as the dilution from the application of the ER 5356 filler wire.
Introduction Of the different fusion joining techniques applicable for the structural assembly of aluminum alloys, laser welding in keyhole mode imparts a high energy density at rapid welding speeds that minimizes the total heat input into the workpiece through a reduction in both the energy per pass as well as the number of passes necessary for complete penetration [1-2].
The as-received microstructure of the AA6061-T6 base metal (BM) consisted of elongated grains (obtained from sheet rolling process) having an average grain size of about 50 mm and the presence of various second-phase particles (magnesium silicide, Al7Cu2Fe and Al12(FeMn)3Si, Al15(FeMn)3Si2, Al12Mg2Cr) as illustrated in Figure 3a.
Compared to the BM of AA6061-T6, an increase (5-10%) in the grain size of the HAZ was noted due to the annealing effect of the welding heat.
Grain coarsening in the heat-affected zone was observed and attributed to the annealing effect of the heat inputted during the welding process. 4.

Pure nickel nanoparticles with some paired grain shaped has been successfully synthesized using gamma radiation technique in aqueous system at ambient temperature without using reducing agent.
This method provides the feasibility to a synthesize significant number of nanomaterials and pure metals [8].
The morphology the sample consists of two forms of shapes: i) irregular spheres and ii) the grain shape that exist in pair.
The morphology of the samples consists of two forms of shapes which are irregular spheres and grain shape that exist in pair.
The presence of CTAB aids to control the growth and steered the formation of grain shape nanoparticles.

One of the major advantages of CP is that peened surface is very smooth compared with a shot peened one, and another is relieving micro-strain, which caused by adjacent grains and random strain in grain introduced by mechanical finishing and heat treatment, with introducing the compressive residual stress [7].
Results Figure 4 shows the increase in the number of cycle to failure Nf as a function of the processing time of CP.
As shown in Fig. 4, the number of cycle to failure Nf of NP specimen is about 60000 cycles, and it becomes 240000 cycles at tp = 16 s/mm and then saturates at after tp = 16 s/mm.
Figures 6 and 7 show the length of the fatigue crack growth from precrack ∆2a as a function of the number of cycle N and the fatigue crack growth rate da/dN as a function of the stress intensity factor ∆K, respectively.
Vol. 62 (2008), p. 3564 Fig. 7 Decreasing fatigue crack growth rate by CP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10 Crack growth rate da/dN m/cycle Stress intensity factor rate ln∆KI MPam1/2 CP NP 10-5 8 20 30 40 50 10 10-6 10-7 10-8 0 5 10 15 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 Length of crack growth ∆2a Number of cycle Fig. 6 Suppression of fatigue crack growth by CP CP NP

Uncontrolled growing of construction industry in Turkey has caused a large number of buildings were constructed without the benefit of sufficient engineering supervision.
These phenomena have contributed to the increase in the number of seismically weak buildings.
These phenomena have contributed to the increase in the number of seismically weak buildings in Turkey.
The grain size of the soil taken at 4.5 meters deep that is beneath the foundation is given in Fig. 3 and it is of 3% clay-silt, 10% gravel and 87% sand.
Figure 3: Grain size of the soil.

Densified Reaction-Bonded Si3N4 a) Temperature dependence of component mole number in the system of 98.3% Si - 0.2% Fe2O3 -1.5% MgO - N2 .
PN2 = 0.15 MPa b) Temperature dependence of component mole number in the system of 98.3% Si - 0.2% Fe2O3- 1.5% MgO - N2.
PN2 = 1.0 MPa c) Temperature dependence of component mole number in the Si3N4 - Ni- MgO - Ar system.
Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-MgO Ceramics a) in Si3N4-BN-MgO powder b) in Si3N4-BN powder Tsint.= 1750°C PN2 =0.15 MPa When increasing the sintering temperature from 1500 to 1750°C, it is appropriate to provide holding at intermediate temperatures, since along with densification, the processes of dissolution of α- and β- Si3N4 in the glass phase and recrystallization of the phases as β- Si3N4 elongated grains take place (Fig.3).
Of particular interest are ceramics produced in the Si3N4 - Si - Y2O3 - MgO system whose structure consists of the more ordered grains of β- Si3N4 having regular hexagonal form and high elongation (Fig.4).

In recent decades, a number of authors have discussed the drying of waste sludge [2, 3].
Waste sludge in the course of drying (No. 6) The initially sticky, large-grained waste sludge was transformed into a small-grained powdery material easy to handle (Figure 4).
The serial numbers of measurements are shown in the diagram title.
Temperature developments and changes in the mass of the waste sludge in the function of time (diagram titles refer to the serial number of measurements) The entry temperature of the drying gas and the wall temperature were kept at a constant value, still, temperature fluctuations can be observed in the course of some measurements.
Even the dried small-grained product contained some pieces of the size of a peanut, with higher moisture content than that of the main bulk.