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The columnar grain structure implies that the <100> texture is homogenous through the thickness.
The small grain structure Fig. 1 Texture coefficients of (a) pure iron, (b) Steel-a and (c) Steel-b as a function of annealing temperature.
The most effective element to modify the surface chemistry is Al.
Ti also appears to modify the surface chemistry of the specimens at very low oxygen partial pressure.

However, the practical applications of Zr-based BMGs as structure materials are impeded by the limited plastic strain during deformation at room temperature and strain softening behavior caused by highly localized shear banding.
Laser energy=25 J, (d) Laser energy=30 J, and the inset shows a dense pattern of shear bands The SEM morphology in Fig. 7 compares the surface structures of the as-cast and the LSP treated samples with one pulse for three different laser energies.
Khalid, et al, Effect of prior compression treatment on the deformation behavior of Zr based bulk metallic glass, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 143 (2014) 1384-1390
Bai, et al, Behavior of multiple shear bands in Zr-based bulk metallic glass, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 93 (2005) 174-177

The final microstructure after hot working depends on the state of the austenite prior to the transformation and on the steel chemistry and cooling conditions.
Steel Compositions Steel C Si Mn P S Al Nb V N Mo Cu Ni 1 0.082 0.36 1.5 0.012 0.005 - 0.051 0.08 0.0082 - - - 2 0.15 0. 1.42 0.012 0.002 0.037 0.033 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.012 0.03 Results and Discussion As mentioned in the introduction, the final ferrite microstructure is the result of the combination of a relatively broad set of phenomena taking place during the transformation and which are conditioned by the prior austenite state and the steel chemistry.
Transformation from Recrystallized austenite Transformation from Deformed austenite Characteristics of the austenite Grain structure Equiaxed Elongated Substructure None - Cells - Orientation gradients - Deformation bands Characteristics of the transformation Nucleation - Grain boundaries - Second phase particles - Grain boundaries - Deformation bands - Cells - Second phase particles Orientation relationship K-S with one of the γ grains + Variant selection favouring variants able to minimise mismatch with the two grains - Orientations as for recrystallized austenite but at a local scale in agreement with the spread of orientations in the deformed grain Ferrite microstructure Ferrite-ferrite misorientaion distribution Random distribution + relative orientations inherited from the
International Symposium on Steel for Fabricated Structures, (ASM 1999), p.165 [12] D.

The anodic film forming is a complex process, involving many aspects such as physics, chemistry, and electrochemistry.
It is well known to all the temperature plays an important role in the anodizing process, which is a major reason affecting the growth, structure and performance of anodic alumina film.
The buffer layer can decreases the dissolution behavior on the anodic film, increasing the film forming rate, improving the microcellular structure of the oxidation film.
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2012, 682: 110-115

Based on the unified theory, HU Shide et al (2004) put forward the analysis method, elasto-plastic earthquake response analysis method for concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge, and established beam-column units of concrete-filled steel tube component using concentrated plastic hinge model, and hereby developed the elasto-plastic response analysis program of concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge to the earthquake [7].Visibly, the researches stating above almost focus on the main structure of bridge.
Jónsson, in: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed Phase Chemistry, edited by S.D.
Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000)
Capacity Design and Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Earthquake Resistant Structures[C]//10th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, p.11-20(1995)

Under most common fracturing conditions it exists as a supercritical fluid behaving somewhat like a gas, yet exhibits liquid-like densities.6 The situation is further complicated due to the solvent nature of supercritical CO2.These properties affect chemistry in the aqueous phase.
At the same time, the quantity and the length of the micelle formed by surfactant molecules in the solution would decrease as the temperature rises,making the spatial mesh structure being damaged and the solution spring reducing, which is the main cause of the proppant-carrying performance weakened.
This is mainly because CO2 molecules under the supercritical state are mixed with surfactant clean fracturing fluid to form emulsion droplets, keep the continuous phase and stably attach to the spatial reticulated structure surface formed by the micelle, with the increase of foam quality, emulsion droplets become more and more intensive, the gap between the droplets decreases continuously, and they constantly contact, impact and rub, increasing the solution viscosity, the solution has better viscoelasticity than before, so as to make the proppant-carrying performance being improved.
:“Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems” in MIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference DataBase Number 69, Eds.

In the worst case, the covered devices will be attacked by the wet chemistries.
In order to understand the wet etching behaviors in the confined nanosheet spacing, a simple test structure, which has confined cavities, has been prepared as described in Fig. 2(a).
Figure 2: (a) Schematics of a cavity test structure before TiN etch.
The mask-1, which can be stripped by a wet chemistry, is patterned first.

Efficient Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Removal of Salicylic Acid Using Sulfur-Doped Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 Composite Maharani Ciptaningrum1,a*, Sutarno Sutarno1,b and Eko Sri Kunarti1,c 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia amaharani.ciptaningrum@mail.ugm.ac.id, bsutarno@ugm.ac.id, ceko_kunarti@ugm.ac.id Keywords: Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-S, photocatalytic degradation, salicylic acid, visible light Abstract.
Some peaks demonstrate a cubic spinel structure because these peaks follow the corresponding pattern card (ICDD No. 00-003-08062 and 01-089-4319).
The additional peak at 2θ of 85,16° attributed to the (6 4 2) plane of titanomagnetite compound in a cubic spinel structure (ICDD No. 01-076-2479).
On the surface chemistry and the reuse of sulfur-doped TiO2 films as photocatalysts.

Eco-friendly Constituents for Making Wood-Polymer Composites Galia Shulga1,a *,  Brigita Neiberte1,b, Anrijs Verovkins1,c, Jevgenijs Jaunslavietis1,d, Vadims Shakels1,e, Sanita Vitolina1,f, Ján Sedliačik2,g 1Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes St., Riga, Latvia 2Technical University in Zvolen, Masaryka 24, Zvolen, Slovakia ashulga@junik.lv, bza.lig@inbox.lv, canrivero@inbox.lv, dj.jaunslavietis@inbox.lv, evadims.shakels@gmail.com, fsanita.vitolina@gmail.com, gsedliacik@tuzvo.sk Keywords: Acid hydrolysis, ammoxidation, hardwood residue, lignin-containing compatibiliser, polyethylenimine, polyelectrolyte complex, wood-polymer composites.
The ammoxidation of the aspen particles, resulting in the introduction of amide bonds in the lignocellulosic structure and a drop in the hydroxyl groups’ content, had a favourable action on the compatibility between RPP and the lignocellulosic filler.
The SEM image of the composite, containing 30% of the modified microparticles and the surface tension regulator, indicates the homogeneity of the obtained complex structure and its consolidation (Fig. 7). 2 um Fig. 7 SEM image of the WPC samples in the presence of the surface tension regulator Conclusion The optimal parameters of the low temperature hydrolysis (acid concentration, duration, hydromodulus) of the aspen sawdust with dilute hydrochloric acid for reducing its particle sizes < 250 μm with the aim of their further chemical modification for obtaining a short fibre filler for WPCs are found.
Leonovich, Laboratory Manual on Wood and Cellulose Chemistry, Ecologia, Moscow, 1991 (in Russian)

Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Charged Iridium(III) Cyclometallates Based on Hole-transporting Carbazole Unit Guiping Tan1,2 a, Hongbo Fan1,b and Wai-Yeung Wong2,c 1 College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R.
China. 2 Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P.R.
OLEDs typically require sophisticated multilayer structures and low-work-function cathodes to achieve high efficiencies and low operating voltages.
All the complexes are intensely emissive in low temperature glasses (77 K) with apparent vibrational fine structure in the emission spectra (Fig. 3 right).