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As a result of the diverse structure and specific properties associated with the small thickness of such objects, their physical characteristics can differ significantly from those of the same materials in the massive state.
In the past decades, many materials have been studied [8-10], but copper (Cu) attracts more attentions since it is hard to form the intermetallic compound with Cu/Si, thereby providing a relatively stable interface between them.
D. 2015 Advanced interconnects: materials, processing, and reliability ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. 4(1) Y1-Y4 [4] Shang J., Hao J.
H. 2000 Adhesion and reliability of copper interconnects with Ta and TaN barrier layers Journal of Materials Research. 15(1) 203-211
K. 2004 Chemical mechanical planarization for microelectronics applications Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports. 45(3-6) 89-220 [11] Wrschka P., Hernandez J., Oehrlein G.

Ancient ceramics continue to serve science, helping to study the development of mankind.
Such materials began to be called ceramic [1].
In the chemical materials science of ceramic materials, the issue of mullitization is given special importance, since it is mullite that mainly determines the operational properties of ceramic products.
USSR Academy of Sciences P.P.
Ilyicheva, High-strength ceramics from fusible clays with the addition of metal powders, Sat scientific works “Achievements and problems of materials science and modernization of the construction industry”, Materials of the XV academic readings of RAASN.

Application of secondary electron composition contrast imaging method in microstructure studies on cathode materials of TWT Peng Li1,a, Sheng-xiang Bao2,b, De-zheng Zhang, Li-bo Zhuang, Li-li Ma State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China alp344301257@163.com,bsxbao@uestc.edu.cn Keywords: secondary electron; composition contrast; SEM; cathode materials.
On the basis of this, Microstructure of cathode materials is studied.
This method is well applied in microstructure studies on cathode materials of TWT.
This method has been applied well in microstructure studies on cathode materials of TWT.
[8] Ansheng Liu, Beiling Shao, Jing Wang and et al, “Applications of secondary electron composition contrast imaging method in microstructure studies on heterojunction semiconductor devices and materials”, Chinese Journal of rare metals, vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 401-405,1998

The chemical compositions of the materials used.
Rudakov, Investigation of the Gas Sensitive Properties of Tin Dioxide Films Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering, In Materials Science Forum.
Man, Pitting and galvanic corrosion behaviour of laser-welded stainless steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 176 (2006) 168–178
Rui, A dynamic welding heat source model in pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 213 (2013) 2329-2338
Kang, Advancements in pulse gas metal arc welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 164/165 (2005) 1113-1119

The analytical theory of multilayer materials is described in sufficient detail, for instance [3].
The calculation of profiled materials is usually carried out by numerical methods for specific tasks.
Synthesis of the composite materials on the base nanomagnetite.
Natsuki, Microwave-absorbing properties of silver nanoparticle/carbon nanotube hybrid nanocomposites, Journal of Material Science. 49 (2014) 5199-5207
Prokofiev, Influence оf Microstructure оn Properties оf Ni-Zn Ferrite Radio-Absorbing Materials, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 394 (2015) 1-6

Pandey Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 321 (2009) 4001-4005
Shin Journal of Crystal Growth 291 (2006) 328-333
Wu Materials Science and Engineering B 111 (2004) 197-206
Ye Materials Science and Engineering B 121 (2005) 42-47
Fan Journal of Alloys and Compounds 424 (2006) 304-306

Introduction The wall material, the largest use of a building material, is about 70% of total building materials.
Cases Study Now we have 5 wall materials available.
Ma: Building Science, Vol. 23 (2007), pp. 19-23
Wang: Journal of Chang’ an University (Natural Science Edition), Vol. 26 (2006), pp. 57-60
Wang: Journal of Engineering Management, Vol. 24 (2010), pp. 398-410

Computation of effective material properties in smart composite materials by a symmetric Galerkin BEM M.
Piezoelectric materials are widely used in smart devices and structures like transducers, actuators and sensors.
Important applications of such materials are related to layered or laminated composites.
The fundamental solutions for linear piezoelectric materials are used in this work.
[2] Zhenhuan Li , Cheng Wang , Chuanyao Chen, Effective electromechanical properties of transversely isotropic piezoelectric ceramics with microvoids, Computational Materials Science 27, 381-392 (2003)

Sroda from the department of Glasses and Amorphous Coatings Technology, Faculty of materials Science and Ceramics, University of Science & Technology (AGH), Poland.
Aboud: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 748 (2013), p. 196
Aboud: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 1043 92014), p. 138
M.: Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 112(1996), p. 85
[26] Stoch L.: High Temperature Materials and Processes, Vol. 10(1992), p. 245

Due to these characteristics, it is incredibly well-suited for a variety of applications in the domains of engineering, chemistry, materials science, and other technical developments [17, 18].
Materials and Methodology 2.1.
Yan, Nonstoichiometric tungsten oxide: structure, synthesis, and applications, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31 (2020)
Fang, Properties, optimized morphologies, and advanced strategies for photocatalytic applications of WO3 based photocatalysts, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 428 (2022) 128218
Kohail, The Effect of Structural Stability of Chemical Admixtures on the NaOH Alkali-Activated Slag Properties, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 35 (2023) 04022367.