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During the experiments, the optimisation of parameters was carried out with producing a number of tracks.
The dendrites growing perpendicular to the laser beam scanning direction show almost similar measurements: dendrite characteristic branches forms 1.5…2.0 mm, dendrites length of 10…20 mm and a grains size of 25…40 mm.
The nickel aluminides alloys have a cracking susceptibility for a number of reasons and the hot and cold cracks could form [9].
The cracks have no regularity and propagate on the grain boundaries and through the grains.
Figure 9: Cracks observed in the multilayered samples The crack opening behavior is referred to the crack initiation on the solidification stage on the grain boundaries or in the heat affected zone of adjacent tracks (underlayers).

.%, the morphology of a-Mg dendrites change from a coarse equiaxial one to a fine columnar one, with  a large number of feather-like phases distributed interdendritically, as shown in Fig.2 (c) and (f).
As shown in Fig.3 a-b, the addition of Gd leads to grain refinement.
The large number of feather-like intermetallic phases will give a detrimental effect on the strength and ductility.
A large quantity of Mg2Sn phase distributed along the grain boundary.
Especially when the secondary phase with continuous or discontinuous network distributed along the grain boundary, since in this case, the slip deformation was restricted in grains and the stress concentration was easier to generate in grain boundary, premature fracture happens, which leads to great reduction of the ductility.

Given contemporary professional social network sites can have 100s of millions of participants such automated expertise measurement approaches are a step towards fine-grained, up-to-date and population-wide expertise capture and quantification.
The capture of such information across the large number of professional network users will ultimately result in the ability to capture a large-scale, real-time snapshot of expertise across a nation or more broadly.
Future variants could allow more fine-grained mapping to expertise, for example, taking into account individual units studied.
While integrating both expertise vectors, the length of individual’s integrated vector is confined by the number of unique expertise areas after concatenating both vectors.
If more sources are available for expertise profiling, then this integration model would provide more dimensional scalability to calculate more fine-grained expertise vectors.

The intermetallic particles were found to be located both at and all the grain boundaries of α phase.
The reduced grain size suggests a limited ability of the reinforcing CNT particles to serve as potential nucleation sites or as an effective obstacle to enabling grain growth during casting.
Pure magnesium, which has a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure is favored to slip only on the basal planes and has a limited or restricted number of slip systems at ambient temperature (25 C), which places a constraint on its ductility.
Presence of the carbon nanotube assists in refining the grain size, grain morphology and morphology of the eutectic phase in the nanocomposite. 3) The microhardness value of the AZ31/1.0 vol.% CNT is noticeably more than that of the monolithic AZ31.
(d) Cracking along the grain boundaries intermingled with shallow dimples immediately prior to failure.

The morphology showed the formation of closed packed diamond grains for the film grown at 5 torr with methane and hydrogen flow-rates fixed at 2 and 200 sccm.
Decrease in pressure and methane flow-rate produced significant changes to the morphology of the diamond grains formed.
The higher pressure may increase the number of nucleation sites thus resulting in the formation of higher density of diamond crystals however reducing the crystallite size. 2T-2sccm 3T-2sccm 5T-2sccm 1 5T-1 sccm 1 (a) (b) Figure 1(a).
Xia, “Influence of diamond grain size on the electrical properties of nano-crystalline diamond detectors”, Thin Solid Films 520 (2011) 717-720

However, a number of problems, that arise with cladded elements, formed utilizing this technology, exists.
Pitting resistance was evaluated by counting the number of pits formed per unit surface area (pcs/m²) on different sample areas, assessed by computer software.
The test duration was defined as the total number of boiling hours (DSTU EN ISO 3651-2, p. 6.4, national note).
Dependence of the number of pittings per square meter on the laser radiation power: 1 – for samples without mechanical post-processing; 2 – for samples that underwent mechanical post-processing.
Li, Coupling effect of disconnected pores and grain morphology on the corrosion tolerance of laser-clad 316L coating, Coatings 14(1) (2024) 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14010040

Fig.2 shows the microstructure of the pearlite in the coatings which had been enlarged by the Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).The pearlite structure was lameller and tiny, that was because alloying agent contained by wear resistance coating which could refine the grain, the process of cast-infiltrated would generate tiny austenite, but when the austenite turn to the pearlite, the alloying element would hinder the process of phase change and forming tendency of the pearlite.
The Brinell Hardness Numbers of the infiltrated is 475HBS，which is 1.7 times more than the matrix.
The surface wear resistance numbers of the surface infiltrated layer and 35# steel matrix showed in the Table 3.
Table 3 Experimental results of grain-abrasion test Materials M1（g） M2（g） ΔW M Infiltrated layer 4.895 4.793 0.102 9.804 Matrix 4.998 4.695 0.303 3.300 According to the Table 3,we get the wear coefficient of the infiltrated layer is 9.804,but the number of the matrix is only 3.300,the wear resistance of the infiltrated layer is 2.97 times that of the 35# matrix steel.
(3) Brinell hardness numbers of infiltrated layer was 1.7 times that of 35# steel matrix; the wear resistance of the layer was 2.97 times that of the matrix.

The dependent variable in this study was the growth of rice plants including i) plant height, ii) number of tillers in one cluster, iii) number of spikelet in one cluster, iv) stomata opening area, and v) rice plant productivity in the form of rice grain mass after harvest.
The plant growth data was taken by measuring the plant height, counting the number of tillers in one cluster, and counting the number of spikelet in one cluster.
Finally, data collection of rice productivity was conducted after harvest by weighing the mass of rice grains obtained from the treatment and control rice plant.
The average number of tillers in one cluster for the treatment and control plants.
Based on the plant height, number of tillers, and number of spikelet in one cluster it can be concluded that the treatment plants undergo better growth than the control plants.

The numbers of appearing 1 mm length cracks are 180, 74 and 37, respectively, when the maximum temperature is 800℃, 850℃ and 900℃ respectively.
It also can be seen from the figure that at the crack initiation stage, when the crack passes through the grain, it occurs mostly in transgranular fracture mode, but when the crack enters the propagation stage, the crack extends along the boundary of the grain.
(a) Thermal fatigue crack at upper temperature 800℃ （b）Thermal fatigue crack at upper temperature 850℃ (c)Thermal fatigue crack at upper temperature 900℃ Fig. 9 Effects of grain boundaries on crack initiation and crack propagation under different temperatures Summary (1) According to the combustor structure and load characteristics, we designed plate specimens with central hole, and carried out thermal fatigue tests at the maximum temperature 800℃，850℃, 900℃ respectively, minimum temperature fixed at 100℃ for Ni base superalloy GH536.

Hounsfield [15], the inventor of the CT number, respectively defined the CT number of the air, water and ice as-1000, 0 and -1000.
The CT number of the upper and middle scanning layer in the specimens decreased and the variance of CT number increased.
When strain reached about 4.0%, the CT number of the specimens reduced and the CT number increment increased.
It extended and bifurcated in the weak interface of the asphalt mortar and grain.
So it is just to observe the variations of the CT numbers in the process of experiment and the CT number changes corresponding to each damage stage of the specimen.