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Yakimova1 1 Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden 2 School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, United Kingdom 3 Leibniz Institute for Crystal Growth, 12 489 Berlin, Germany a yazdi@ifm.liu.se Keywords: Free standing, Hexagonal pyramids, AlN, reactive ion etching, physical vapor transport Abstract.
A grid of circular mesa-structures with 14 µm pitch was formed by the RIE process performed in SF6(35 sccm)/Ar(14 sccm) gas mixture at a pressure of 50 mTorr.
After stripping the Ni mask by wet chemical processing, SiC mesa structures were "sharpened" by milling in a pure argon plasma (14 sccm; 20 mTorr; 300 W; RT) for 120 min using the same RIE machine.
Fig. 1b shows SEM images of a patterned SiC substrate with conical mesa-structures.

It is especially effective on hydration monitoring of large-scale or underground concrete structures.
From Figure 4, it could be seen that the wave velocity increased with the increasing of hydration time, which indicated that the structure of cement paste continuously formed and developed with the growth of hydration time.
The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: (1) The wave velocity increases with the increasing of hydration time, which indicates that the structure of cement paste continuously formed and developed with the growth of hydration time
Presented at 12th International congress on the chemistry of cement, (Montreal, Canada, 2007), p.8–13 [5] C.M.

. – Kemerovo: Institute of Coal and Coal Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 2004. – 264 p., Ill.
Mechanics of underground structures.
Mechanics of underground structures in instance and problems.
Mechanics of underground structures and support design.

There are a few responses to the irradiation according to chemical structure of exposed material.
Irradiation causes irreversible changes in plastics structure which prevents them from being remelted repeatedly and thus future waste disposal may be a problem [7-9].
This study concentrated only on changes in mechanical properties of the resulting blends therefore other properties as well as structure should be investigated to support these findings and fully understand the interaction created between polymer matrix and filler.
Pikaev, Applied Radiation Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1993).

Due to their precisely controlled flowrate, micropumps present their promising applications in analytical chemistry, medical treatment, pharmacy, bioengineering, etc.
The PZT micropumps can be divided into the pumps with check valves and valveless pumps according to the structure of their valves.
Structure and Working Principle of the PZT Micropump The double-chamber serial PZT micropump is presented in Fig.1.
The assembly structure of the double-chamber pump is shown in Fig.2, and the finished pump and test system are shown in Fig.3.

However, PBS exhibits a slow biodegradation rate as a result of its high degree of crystallinity[3].The degradation of aliphatic polyesters depends upon not only the chemical structure as regards hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance within the main chain but also its specific solid state morphology[4, 5].
Fig.1 POM graphs for (a) PBS at 80℃, (b) PBS-b-PPS(3%) at 80℃, (c) PBS-b-PPS(5%) at 80℃, (d) PBS-b-PPS(8%) at 80℃ Enzymatic degradation of copolyesters It is well known that the enzymatic degradation rates of copolyesters depend on many factors, such as the chemical structure, the degree of crystallinity, and molecular mobility of the amorphous phase[7].
Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2010, 22(10): 7699-7705
Structure and morphology changes in absorbable poly (glycolide) and poly (glycolide-co-lactide) during in vitro degradation [J].

This possibly can be explained by the polymer structure destruction in the RF discharge plasma and magnetron deposition of an additional layer on polymer surface.
Debarno, Elaboration and surface modification of structured poly(L-lactic acid) thin film on various substrates, Mater.
Zelenetskii, DC discharge plasma modification of chitosan/gelatin/PLLA films: Surface properties, chemical structure and cell affinity, Surface & Coatings Technology 207 (2012) 508–516
Gil’man, Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment as an Effective Method for Surface Modification of Polymeric Materials, High Energy Chemistry, 37 (2003) 17–23

Farrukh2d and Abdussalam Salhin Mohamed3e 1Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory, School of Physics Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry, GC University Lahore, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan 3School of Chemical Sciences,Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia a Crosponing author Email address: MOIZMERGHNIM@yahoo.com bemail : kamarulazizi@gmail.com, cemail :hamofarog@yahoo.com , d email : akhyar100@gmail.com ,eemail : Abdussalam@usm.my Keywords : Cu2ZnSnS4,Solar cells, Electrodeposition, Sulfurization Abstract.Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) thin films was potentiostatically deposited on molybdenum coated glass substrates using the electrochemical deposition method As-deposited and annealed in furnace, The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with tetragonal crystal structure have been studied from structural analysis results , XRD and Raman spectroscopy results show these thin films exhibit a strong preferential orientation along the (112
The crystal structures of the as-synthesized CZTS nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction XRD measurements.
The phase show pointed to the presence of CZTS with the kieserite Structure with preferred orientation along the (1 1 2) plane which are in agreement with the previous reports(6,7) .some metal sulfide and other secondary phases were also appear as SnS was present at (130).
The optical and electrical properties which mainly depend on composition and crystal of the absorber material structure, effect on the performance of the solar cell.
And XRD indicate presence of CZTS with the kesterite Structure in preferred orientation along the (1 1 2) plane.

During the preparation of polymeric foams using supercritical CO2 as blowing agent, the structure of polymeric foams can be adjusted through changing foaming condition.
Graphene has a two-dimensional (2D) atomic sheet structure and possess excellent electronic, mechanical and thermal properties [5-6].
XPS analysis is carried out to analysis chemical structure on graphite surface.Elemental composition of O element, H element and C element are given in Table 1.
Graphene with large surface area and exfoliated structure exhibits good nucleation effect.
Alekseev, Journal of Materials Chemistry Vol.20 (2010) P3035

Study on the Low Carbon City of Guangzhou by Energy Model Peng Wang 1, a, Beibei Cheng 2 and Daiqing Zhao 1 1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou, 510640, China 2 South China University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 510640,China aenergyx@qq.com Keywords: Energy model; Low carbon city; Guangzhou; Greenhouse Gas emissions.
(a) (b) Fig 3 Energy consumption structure in different Industry The total energy demand of Guangzhou is projected to increase about 3 times from 2005 to 2030 BAU.
Fig. 6 CO2 emissions by sector Conclusion 1 ) Application energy model of Guangzhou energy situation and development situation of carbon emissions are simulated and analyzed, the model of situational analysis and reduction measures of impact analysis can be use for decision maker. 2) The energy structure adjustment and technology efficiency improvement are the two key method to reduce carbon emissions. 3) Through the scenario analysis, we can see that Guangzhou has realized this urgent situation .For constructing low carbon economy, not only to further strengthen the energy structure, industrial structure adjustment, climate change and improve energy efficiency technology application, but also should further control population and economic growth.