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FESEM micrographs reveals agglomerated particles with considerable grain size distribution.
The substituting metal ions would either replace the Fe3+ within the crystal structure thereby altering the spin exchange between the metal ions, or, they would form compounds and aggregate at the grain boundaries.
The excess La3+ would then form secondary phases in the form of La2O3 or LaFeO3 which then interrupts the grain growth of the main phase [4].
Acknowledgement This work was supported by Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) through the YUTP grant with cost-center number 0153AA-E18.

There are some microcracks on grain boundaries.
From Fig. 2(f), there were a large number of microcracks IV on the edge of coarse carbides.
In addition, with the increase of scanning speed, grain would be refined and grain boundaries would increase.

The calcium silicate cement is composed of a calcium silicate powder (grain size below 20 µm) that is mixed with a liquid (water and CaCl2) into a paste using a spatula and a mixing cup.
The powder has a grain size of below 20 µm.
During setting the original calcium silicate grains are dissolved into calcium and silicate ions in the mixing liquid.
Since the average atomic number for the calcium silicate is higher than for the calcium phosphate, the radio-opacity is high.

In other word, PRPG is higher than Pop with a significance difference, because plastic behavior appears just after the situation in which a certain area with the order of grain size (but not at a point) is satisfied with yield condition as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1 Plastic deformation and the working stress distributions along the crack line in one loading cycle during the fatigue crack propagation c a working stress tensile residual deformed layer compressive plastic zone c a working stress tensile residual deformed layer previous tensile plastic zone previous compressive plastic zone c a working stress tensile residual deformed layer a working stress tensile residual deformed layer σY tensile plastic zone c c a working stress tensile residual deformed layer -σY c a working stress tensile residual deformed layer -σY compressive plastic zone c a working stress tensile residual deformed layer compressive plastic zone tensile plastic zone growing compressive plastic zone growing Pmin Pop PRPG Pmax PRCPG Pcl Pmin (a) (b) (d) (e) (f) (g) (c) a b c d e f g Fig.2 Stress distributions near a crack tip at RPG load and at notch tip yielding First grain
()() ()dxaxgdaaxg E aBBxF i i B B a j iij ∫∫ + =+ 1 , , 2 ,,, 0' 1 (6) Taking ( ) 2/1++= jjj BBx for j from k to n and 2/01 dcxBk +==+ (d: grain size), the length of a segment at jx just after Pmax is given by ( ) ( ) ()E xVxL j j '+= Y1/ λσ ( for kj = to n )
Detailed discussion is explained in Ref. [7]. 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 10 20 30 Crack length including notch (mm) Load (kN) ξ = 15 % Experimental data Estimated Maximum load (Pmax) RPG load (PRPG) (σY=352MPa,λ = 1.04, α =0.18) Minimum load (Pmin) 0246 0 5 10 15 Number of cycles (cycle)Fatigue crack length (mm) ξ =15 % Experimental data Estimated [x 105] (a) ξ=15% 04812 0 5 10 15 20 Number of cycles (cycle) Fatigue crack length (mm) ξ = 30 % Experimental data Estimated [x 10 5] (b) ξ=30% Fig. 5 The change of RPG loads and crack growth after a step-down in maximum load decrease 56789 0 10 20 30 Crack length including notch (mm) Load (kN) ξ = 45 % Experimental data Estimated Maximum load (Pmax) RPG load (PRPG) (σ Y= 352MPa, λ = 1.04, α =0.18) Minimum load (Pmin) (c) ξ=45% 0 5 10 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 Number of cycles (cycle)Fatigue crack length (mm) ξ = 45 % Experimental
(13) 0 1020304050 -100 0 100 200 Number of idealized storms Stress (MPa) Full load condition Ballast load condition D rank storm Full load condition Ballast load condition Ballast load condition 0 1020304050 0 10 20 Number of idealized storms Fatigue crack length (mm) Estimated Experimental data 051 0 -100 0 100 200 Number of cycles (cycle) Stress (MPa) [x 10 5 ] 051 0 0 5 10 15 Number of cycles (cycle) Fatigue crack length (mm) Estimated Experimantal data [x 10 5 ] Fig. 6 Fatigue growth curves under two storm-simulation loads histories (a) (b) The shape of plastic region around a fatigue crack tip is affected by applied loading history.

The grain size of ZrB2 is about 1-2μm.
The orientations of the ZrO2 arrays were closely related to the ZrB2 grain orientations, as shown in Fig. 7d.
It is further proved that the order degree of nanostructures is related to the coordination number of Zr-O.
It clearly presents that the orientations of the ZrO2 arrays are closely related to the ZrB2 grain orientations.
The nanostructure changes depending on the coordination number of oxygens.

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product made from veneers glued together with parallelly oriented grains under heat and pressure.
Introduction Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product manufactured from veneers that are rotary peeled, dried and laminated together with parallelly oriented grains under heat and pressure with a waterproof adhesive.
Number Pressure [N/mm 2] Adhesive Spread [g/m 2] Press Duration [min] Press Temperature [˚C] Gv [GPa] 1 0.7 80 6 100 0.76 2 0.7 110 9 115 0.75 3 0.7 140 12 130 0.79 4 0.7 170 15 145 0.74 5 0.7 200 18 160 0.85 6 0.9 80 9 130 0.86 7 0.9 110 12 145 0.78 8 0.9 140 15 160 0.86 9 0.9 170 18 100 0.86 10 0.9 200 6 115 0.87 11 1.1 80 12 160 0.86 12 1.1 110 15 100 1.36 13 1.1 140 18 115 0.99 14 1.1 170 6 130 1.30 15 1.1 200 9 145 1.36 16 1.3 80 15 115 1.14 17 1.3 110 18 130 1.08 18 1.3 140 6 145 1.15 19 1.3 170 9 160 1.21 20 1.3 200 12 100 1.13 21 1.5 80 18 145 1.35 22 1.5 110 6 160 1.10 23 1.5 140 9 100 1.08 24 1.5 170 12 115 1.13 25 1.5 200 15 130 1.15 According to what the grey relational space described, the relational degree(r), was given by the equation ( )∑=⋅= n k i i k n r 1 1 ξ (4) Refer with Eq. 2, Eq. 3 and

This enhancement may be attributed to formation of improved grain homogeneity and contacts.
These include ambient temperature conductivity, cationic transport number and electrode-electrolyte interfacial reactions [1,2,3].
The increase in conductivity for samples sintered at 600 oC to 800 oC is attributable to the increase in crystallinity while the increase in conductivity for the sample sintered at 900 oC is attributed to increase in homogeneity of the crystallites which leads to formation of better contacts between grains.

The results indicated that the grains of the cladding coatings with Ti are much finer than that of the Fe-based cladding coating without Ti.
In addition there are a large number of Cr element and a small amount of Mn in the coating.
The content of hard phase in No.1cladding coating is low and the eutectic structure grain is bulky.

Fatigue tests were performed on samples at different stress levels in order to characterize the whole Stress-Number of cycles (S-N) curve (Wöhler diagram).
Chemical composition of the 17-4 PH SS C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo 0.036 0.78 0.33 0.009 0.004 16.2 4.02 0.002 Co V Ti Cu W Sn Al Nb 0.012 0.018 0.002 0.372 0.009 0.004 0.001 0.29 The Cr reacts with the C content promoting the formation of chromium carbides along the grains [6].
Nb is a grain refiner added to increase the strength and to prevent the formation of Cr23C6.
Considering that the number of tested specimens is below 15 as suggested by the standards regarding the statistical elaborations of fatigue data, the statistical approach proposed by Dixon was used [14].
The Dixon approach allows the calculation of the fatigue limit with a number of tests between 2 and 7.

Grain size of precursor powders obtained by mechanical alloying method and its homogenization can control the porosity and boron agglomeration tendency of the synthesized layers.
Fast cool-down and chemical composition change with the obtain fine-grain structure, results in mechanical and wear properties improvement.
Generation of wide number of dislocation and other lattice defect during MA process where particles of titanium and boron are periodically trapped between colliding balls leads finally to an increase of interface number.
Nano TiB dispersed in α-Ti matrix due to very high number of atoms on the surface possess large surface energy.
Thus they can exhibit entirely different behavior compared to the micron sized grains.