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As can be seen in Figure 2, the composite forms grain boundaries and there is no indication of different phase at the grain boundary.
In general, Mg-Zn matrix shows good bonding between grains.
After 60 minutes, a large numbers of bubbles are observed arising from the surface of Mg-10BG composite, indicating a higher evolution rate, while the numbers of bubbles from other sample are fewer.

The abrasion ability of abrasive media is governed by many factors, especially by grain size, abrasive concentration, extrusion pressure and hardness of work piece material.
H300), the trend of surface roughness improvement was the same although lower viscous media needs more number of extrusion cycles than higher viscous media (Figure 5).
This over prediction may be due to following reasons; · Decrease of active grain of abrasive · Lower cutting action of abrasive due to slow flow rate The theoretical plot can be close to experimental data by modification of the constant a.
The trend of surface roughness improvement does not depend on viscosity of media although lower viscous media needs more number of extrusion cycles.
Lal: Experimental investigation into cutting forces and active grain density during abrasive flow machining, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 44 (2004), p. 201

The number of conjugation length is noted by symbol n in its molecular formula (α-nT) where n represents the number of thiophene rings on the molecular chain.
In the horizontal image analysis, the average grain size of the ITO were measured to be 0.2 mm homogenous across the 1.0” × 3.0” surface of the glass.
The polycrystalline surface with large grain size was implied to be weak interface for organic molecules [6].
By comparing images of PLA/α-4T blend, it was agreed that both the grain size and the roughness of the ITO had no effect on the domain size of the organic layer especially after several monolayers.

The distance to the combustion surface of samples and their corresponding serial number were shown in Table 1.
Table 1 The position of samples Sample number 0# 1# 2# 3# 4# 5# 6# Distance to the combustion surface [mm] TC4 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 Matrix Ti40 0 0.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 - - Results Combustion Microstructure Figure 1 shows the SEM images of burning section plane of TC4 alloy.
The IZ is small and consist of equiaxed β grain.
The size of β grain is bigger than the matrix due to the effect of combustion heat.
Because of effect of combustion heat, β microstructure shows coarse grains and there is only single or double diffraction peaks of β phase.

Testing conditions: TD – deformation temperature; ε – total cumulative strain; n – number of passes; th – interpass holding time; strain path: F – forward torsion, R– reverse torsion.
Both micrographs show mainly irregular lath-like bainitic ferrite grains with very small fractions of polygonal ferrites.
The silver lines in the EBSD maps are grain boundaries defined as disorientation greater than 15° and black lines are low angle boundaries with disorientation no less than 5°.
Additionally, the EBSD maps of these two specimens (Fig. 6d and f) reveal that the dislocation densities at interior of the ferrite grains are much lower comparing to X3.
This in turn will lead to a displacive transformation during accelerated cooling due to the limited number of ferrite nucleation sites and a strong driving force from a large undercooling.

Potassium long granite of Lower Permian of Ouliyingzhi is a big batholith which distribute between Hong maozi-Tongnai, the facies zone of rock mass is compared obvious, secondary phase is grain of few spot potassium long granite, transition phase is the grain resembles the porphyritic potassium long granite, external phase is fine grain potassium long granite.
Table 1 shows that Fuxin geophysical field characteristics: Table 1．Magnetism and density table of geological body unit rock in Fuxin region Rock position and period symbol Rock types K（10-64πSI） δ（103g/cm3） Specimen number Specimen number Cretaceous K2 Conglomerate, Sandstone, Mudstone 210 2.48 K1 Andesite, Basalt, Tuff, Breccia 75 4700 1047 Conglomerate, Sandstone micro magnetic Jurassic J Sandstone, Mudstone 444 2.52 Andesite, Basalt 48 4000 Tuff, Lava Carbonic C Sandstone, Limestone, Shale 30 86 2.70 Ji Xian- series JX Dolomite, Limestone, Sandstone 307 2.78 307 2.78 Changcheng- series Ch Quartz sandstone, Dolomite, Limestone, Siltstone 355 2.63 386 2.62 Archean metamophic Ar Gneiss, Plagioclase Amphibolite, Granulite 1000 1092 2.79 Magnetite quartzite 85000 3.18 M1 Mr1 Migmatite Mixed granite 329 0—6800 2.60 Mesozoic intrusive rocks γ Granite 41 0—1500 2.61 δ Diorite 41 800—3000 2.85 υ β Gabbro, Diabase 42 7000—30000 2.91 The overall characteristics of gold

A number of components in automotive and other industrial application are made by sheet metal deep drawing.
A number of techniques have been proposed in the recent years to improve the r value of sheet metals, particularly for FCC metals like aluminum which exhibits poor r value (r ∼ 0.6 to 0.8) [5-10].
The present study discusses the capability of a process called groove pressing, originally reported to develop ultrafine grain sizes in sheet metals, to impart a shear texture and thereby improve the r value.
The groove pressing (GP) process, derived from the initial constrained groove pressing by Shin et al., [11] is a severe plastic deformation technique to produce ultrafine grains in materials in the sheet form.
Both commercial purity aluminum and copper have been experimented by this process and grain refinement has been reported [11-14].

Fig. 3 TEM images of typical microstructure of the Al-Ni-Y-Co composite coating a-a region of amorphous phase, b-coexistence of amorphous and nanocrystalline grains, c-fcc-Al and Al13Co4 nanoscale particles.
Three empirical rules are proposed through large quality of the experiments in the past many years that ⑴ the numbers of the composition contain and surpass three types of elements, ⑵ constituent elements’ atomic radius size difference value is bigger than 12%, ⑶ there are minus mixing enthalpy between the elements.
But it is a metastable phase that can be transformed to a stable phase under suitable condition that allows the formation of large numbers of small nuclei and fine nanoscale precipitates.
This refinement is due to the uniform nucleation and extremely high nucleation frequency during crystallization, resulting in little time for grain growth before impingement between adjacent grains.

Annealing is known to decrease the number of defects in the material and improve ordering in the pseudo-binary (Pb,Sn)Te compound.
Experimental The p-type Pb1-xSnxTe samples with x values of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 were prepared by: (a) casting of the alloys with the appropriate concentrations under vacuum of 10 -5 Torr, at 950 o C for 15 min. and water quenching, (b) grinding the relevant alloy to maximal grain size of 60 mesh powder, (c) cold compaction at 613 MPa (for x=0.1) and 766 MPa (for x=0.25 and 0.5), (d) sintering in an argon atmosphere for 3 hours at 625 o C, that was subsequently raised to 725 o C for 15 minutes, (e) undergoing annealing cycles of 600 o C/~24 h in an argon atmosphere.
After short annealing steps (~24 hr.) a small number of thin veins were observed (Fig.6), These veins got thicker with longer lengths of annealing (up to 100 hr.)
Analysis by EDS showed that hese veins were Sn rich, followed the contour of individual grains or sintered powder particles, suggesting the segregation of Sn along grain or powder particle boundaries.

Grain composition was evaluated by dry density indicator in the same field compacted conditions.
Combined with deep-hole bench blasting method, this paper optimized grain size composition by adjusting blasting parameters in order to get better compacted properties of rockfill. 2.
This paper optimized grain composition by adjusting the blasting parameters according to the revised Kuz-Ram model [7].
Table 1 Calculation process of JPH primary rockfill Test number A dm (m) q (kg/m3) a (m) b (m) H (m) d50 (mm) granularity fractal dimension D Calculated ρd (g/cm3) Measure ρd (g/cm3) ① 6.20 0.6 0.8 4.0 2.5 9 108.9 2.37 2.234 2.240 ② 6.43 0.6 0.8 4.5 2.5 12 120.8 2.32 2.215 2.210 Using this method, rockfill particle gradation was optimized by adjusting blasting parameters.
Table 2 Rockfill particle grading optimization of the second field rolling test Test number A dm (m) q (kg/m3) a (m) b (m) H (m) d50 (mm) granularity fractal dimension D ρd (g/cm3) ② 6.43 0.6 0.8 3.0 2.0 11 94.0 2.42 2.260 Granularity fractal dimension D, which corresponding to evaluation index of grading optimization (ρd), was derived by adjusting the blasting parameters in Eq.5.