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There are a number of film growth technologies to prepare CuIn(S,Se)2 thin film, such as spray pyrolysis, solution growth technique[6], etc.
The result of the SEM image analysis indicates that the surface of the metallic precursors is smooth and that the grain distributes uniformly with the structure of octahedron.
As the time of sulfurization become higher, it can be observed that the preparation of CISS grain growth more fully in comparison to CISS, that's because the use of sulfur source was H2S vapor, its activity was greater than solid Se source which used for selenization.
This activity not only can let S partly replace Se for CISS formation, but also can make film generate better crystalline grains because of recrystallization.

Introduction For years, the definition of aggregate has not changed – it is grain material applied in the construction.
The method was aimed at recreation of operation conditions of the built-in aggregate and assessment of its resistance to abrasion by specifying the percentage decrease in grain mass.
The decrease in aggregate mass appeared as a result of mutual abrasion of grains and abrasion caused by steel balls during the test in a special device.
The test was conducted in the number of 500 revolutions of the drum at constant speed from 31 to 33 rpm.

So is the volume vector of the particle size distribution, which describes the proportion of each grain size particle volume fraction. () describes the percentage about the particles with diameter in the decentralized system.
For mono-disperse systems, the volume concentration and attenuation are linearly related, so the more decentralized systems, the total attenuation coefficient can be got by the attenuation of all grain size.
Continuous distribution[5,6]: （2） Discrete distribution[7,8]: （3） Attenuation can be expressed as a vector form: （4） Here is a matrix with the following elements[9,10]: （5） Matrixis ​​the element of wave number matrix, particle diameter vector and scattering coefficient matrix.
Fig.2 The relation between sound attenuation with coal-water-mixture concentration Influencing factors A. particle size The relationship between sound attenuation and particles size is serious nonlinear, and there is a maximum value spot between 45 ~74 micron, the minimum point at 110micron, and then sound attenuation slowly increases as the grain size, thus the measurement of concentration needs at least 3 frequencies for good results.

However, the experimental studies of the microstructure of adiabatic shear bands carried out in a number of works , e.g. [1], have indicated that one of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of plastic shear bands is multi-scale instabilities in the ensemble of typical mesoscopic defects - microshears.
It has also been observed that in the areas of strain localization the sub-grains are elongated into bands and then fragmented, forming thus the ultra-crystalline structure with the grain size ~300nm.
It is the consequence of the forming of the rotational deformation modes and the high-angle disorientations of grains.

In fact, a large number of studies have been carried out and reported significant improvements in fatigue performance by SP and BB on a variety of materials [2-7].
The resulting fully recrystallized microstructure having an average grain size of 80 µm is illustrated in Figure 1 (a).
Optical microscopy illustrates that marked slip bands are clearly visible already after only 20 % reduction in thickness (Fig. 1b) while almost all grains are covered by slip bands as the deformation degree reaches 60 % (Fig. 1c).
The main microstructural changes beyond 60% CR can be summarized as grain flattening into pan-cake shapes and further increases in slip band density.

In each time step, the number of stable nuclei is calculated and the new nuclei are set randomly in the computational domain using a random number generator weighted with the nucleation rate.
Growth process: The growth of nuclei is captured by the MPF model [16] which is able to handle an arbitrary number of phases, N, in a system.
This is in accordance with the elongated β-grains observed in SLM processed Ti-6Al-4V as reported in [22].
The resolidification of titanium requires actually no nucleation because β-grains are located at the boundary of the molten pool.
Even for a small supercooling, β-grains begin to grow into the molten pool towards the material's free surface.

Neighbor element in the second part of the list is stored in the new cell coordinates, the unit must meet with the unit particles or a similar distance from the wall equal to or less than the particle radius with distance and control; the third part of the list are in contact three particles are stored contact with the wall, including particles with the wall on the left wall, the wall on the right wall, the wall floor contact state, if the contact is stored in the left side of the wall particles and the wall, the wall on the right wall , the contact coordinates of the wall bottom plate, and stored grain with the wall on the left wall, the wall on the right wall, the wall bottom plate of the contact force, including normal contact force calculation of the tangential contact force information.
Given a vibrating box, particle number, particle size, particle simulation of the motion state, in this case the vibration of a given particle randomly generated, randomly generated particle centroid coordinates, check the coordinates of each particle is generated with the previous particle coordinates repeat, if it is to lay down, if not it will add it to the list of particles until the particles reach a quantitative number, the first case we are not to load on the vibration, just set the particles are gravity, when gravity boxes distributed throughout the vibration of particles in the box slowly deposited on the bottom of vibration, the last particle deposition is completed and all the rest, we set all kinds of information at this time of particles as the initial value, and this initial value is stored in the database, and subsequent operation of the vibration load box is required before the implementation of read particles from the database of information to initialize the initial stored
Powder & Grain 97, 1997, 207-214
Powders and Grains, Proc Int Conf Micromech Granular Media.

The formula is the reflection of types and numbers of raw materials.
The contents of formula generally include the type and size of abrasive grain, the type and dosage of adhesive, the type and dosage of filler, the concentration, the molding density, etc.
While under the condition of the same type and size of abrasive grain as well as the same dosage of adhesive, with molding density increasing, the hardness and strength of abrasive tool also increase. ② The manufacturing process flow design.
The function expression between the process parameters and the hardness in the formula is: . (1) In the expression, - the formula data, including the dosage of adhesive, the dosage of filler, the molding density, etc; - the exponent of , usually setting ; - the coefficient; - the hardness conversion value. ② Determining the experimental points. ③ Converting the value of each hardness into the value of . ④ Putting the values of into the expression to calculate the coefficient, and then getting the curve regression equation. ⑤ Putting the ordinal number of each hardness into the equation to calculate the process parameters.
Generally, the resin-bonded diamond abrasive tool consists of the abrasive grain, the adhesive and the stomata.

INTRODUCTION The main parameters to the safe storage of food grain in granary are temperature and humidity.
Once the water come into the grain depots and condensation etc. can make the grain water content above 20%.
The operator can select test points of the hand-held terminal and also can collect in the light of the serial number of test points continuously.
The operator can select test points of the hand-held terminal and also can collect in the light of the serial number of test points continuously.

The high pressure torsion(HPT) technique has also been proven to be very useful in imposing the severe plastic deformation to metallic alloys and attaining small grain size to, typically, the submicrometer level.
During severe plastic deformation of Cu base composites, the spacing between the second phase decreases as the deformation strain increases, and the elongated second phase filaments or ribbons limit the dynamic recrystallization and grain growth [1-6].
Disks with 20mm in diameter and 3mm in thickness were prepared, and placed between two vertically opposed upper and lower steel anvils, and deformed by simultaneously applying a pressure of 2.5 GPa at room temperature and rotating the lower anvil, circular in cross section, with the spherical depressions carefully machined at the center of each anvil with depths of 0.5mm and diameters of 20mm for various number of twists (1, 3 and 7 turns).
The as-received samples exhibit high elongation but very low tensile strength that is characteristic of coarse-grained materials.
Number of rotation as 1 3 7 Fig. 4 UTS of Cu-Fe-Co, Cu-Fe-Ni and Cu-Fe-Ag microcomposites as a function of HPT rotation 5.