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Fig.1. represents the cell structure of leaf residues.
It elaborates about the layer of the leaves, whether the cell structure is wide or narrow.
Frontiers in chemistry, 9(2021)696030
Procedia Chemistry,17 (2015)194– 199
Frontier in chemistry, 7(2019)874–3389

Structure, composition, morphology and corrosion resistance characteristics of the films were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and potentiodynamic corrosion testing.
Structure, composition and porosity of the films are correlated with changes in behaviors of spark discharges on the surface in oxidation process.
Most relevant studies were focused on the preparation, composition, structure and properties of the coatings [2-3].
However, the applied voltage waveforms and current density effect on the behavior of spark discharge and the spark discharge effect on the variation of structure, composition and corrosion properties of the films formed on magnesium alloys during PEO process has not been studied throughout.
Structure and composition of PEO films The surface morphology of the films formed under two different voltage waveforms were shown in Fig.4.

., the initial finer as-cast structure resulted in finer grains and less substructure after hot rolling.
Chemistry of the steels [mass.%] with average compositions of 4, 9, 6 and 190 ppm of Mg, Ca, S and P respectively.
Evolution of the grain size and texture Fig. 2 shows the as cast structure from continuously cast slab which were subjected to similar continuous casting conditions.
It is evident that the high Ti/Al ratio steel exhibited finer equiaxed grain structure across the thickness of the slab.
The as cast structure across the 200 mm thick continuously cast slab, (a) high Ti/Al ratio and (b) low Ti/Al ratio steels.

Process Parameters on the ESR Ingot Solidification Structure
(1) The bath temperature on the solidification structure The bath temperature is one of the important parameters of the ESR ingot solidification structure, which directly determines the shape of the molten pool.
This directly affects the performance of the ESR ingot solidification structure.
Numerical Simulation of Solidification Structure Formation of TiAl Alloy Ingots [Dissertation].
Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy and Material.

Introduction Materials engineering involves knowledge of the fundamental physics, chemistry and engineering of materials in order to elaborate, develop, and use materials with superior and new properties.
The alloy microstructure analysis was made in annealed state and quenching state highlighting the stable state structure obtained after casting is shown in Fig. 6 and typical martensitic structure is shown in Fig. 7.

In this work, the etching performance and mechanism of BZN film in SF6/Ar plasma and the etching effect on the film’s structure were reported for the first time.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) used to study the crystalline structure.
The crystalline structure of the BZN thin films before and after etching was characterized by XRD with CuKα radiation.
The film showed a surface reconstruction after etching, a cubic pyrochlore structure orientation transition from preferential (222) to (400).
Yeoh, Inductively Coupled Plasma etching of InP with HBr/O2 chemistry, J.

The improved renewable energy system model including the system structure, its characteristics and inherent mechanism was used to study the operation and evolution of renewable energy development.
The complexity of the system structure and their interrelationships create the complexity of the system development process, making the system development in disorder, and inevitability in occasionally.
Its complexity is determined by the complexity of the system structure and the correlations between the subsystem elements.
Therefore, the study of the development and evolution pattern of the renewable energy system must be based on systematic and comprehensive study of its structure and their correlations.
This paper analyzed the system structure and argued that the renewable energy system is characterized by integrity, stratification, dynamics, openness and complexity.

However, the crystalline structure of HMWPE and EVOH remained unchanged after sulfonation, (Figs. 1 a and c).
This confirms that the sulfonation reactions merely transform the chemical composition and the structure of the outer surface layer, maintaining unaltered the substrate's bulk properties.
At higher magnifications these films evidenced a finer structure, where needle-like crystals were agglomerated.
Once more, this apatite layer showed a finer structure in such layers where needle-like crystals are agglomerated.
All these facts might allow for the development of apatite-polymer composites with similar structures to the living bone, with a great potential for being used on bone related applications.

The as grown films exhibited amorphous pattern while annealed films were polycrystalline structure with (002) preferential growth along c-axis orientation.
These results reveals that annealed ZnO films are polycrystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structure [11].
The XRD pattern of Fig. 1(a) does not clearly reveals the polycrystalline structure but tend to show the amorphous like structure of ZnO films.
The as grown ZnO films exhibited amorphous structure while annealed films were showed polycrystalline hexagonal wurtize structure that preferred with (002) c-axis orientation as the increment of annealing temperature and the peak intensity reached a maximum for the films annealed at 450 °C.
[13] Minrui Wang, Jing Wang, Wen Chen, Yan Chui, Liding Wang, Effect of preheating and annealing temperatures on quality characteristics of ZnO thin films prepared by sol-gel method, Materials Chemistry and Physics 97 (2006) 219-225

Because the modified electrodes have bilayer structure, and the reserve of electricity of this structure is higher than monolayer structure.
Mater. vol.164(2009), pp. 18 [7] Fumihide Shiraishi, Tsugunori Nakasako, Zhaozhe Hua, Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.107(2003), pp. 11072 [8] Xiangyu Cao, Yasuhiro Oda, Fumihide Shiraishi, Chemical Engineering. vol.156(2010), pp. 98