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Sample number N2 flow [ml/min] S Leff [nm] 1# 5 0.4643 30.1 2# 15 0.4614 35.4 3# 25 0.4598 63.1 4# 50 0.4560 91.4 It can be seen from the Table 1 that S parameter in the TaN films decreases along with the N2 partial pressure increases.
For example, grain boundaries would attract more impurity atoms at lower deposition rate, and the transport properties of these conduction electrons are strongly influenced by scattering at dislocation cores.
Additionally, a single grain boundary can lead to a million-fold increase in resistance over single crystals [6, 7].
Muller, Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts, Nature 469 (2011) 389.

This phenomenon relates with SCRM assumption that the shrinking core behaviors of uniformly sized nonporous grains of the reactant solid.
The differences between experimental data and simulation results calculated by two models are compared through a average errors g, which is defined as (5) In which is experimental data point, is predicted data point, N is the total number of experimental data.
This phenomenon relates with SCRM assumption that the shrinking core behaviors of uniformly sized nonporous grains of the reactant solid, while the characteristics of pore structure for the influence of biomass chars gasification is well reflected by parameter ψ of RPM.
McGreavy, A network model for diffusion and adsorption in compacted pellets of bidisperse grains, Chem.
Dudukovic, A variable size grain model for gas-solid reactions with structural changes, Chem.

The concept of supe cubic put forward by the paper derive from the concept of ” hypercube” in Mathematics and Physics.We can extract a cell grain as a basic cube from hypercube(see fig.1a).
Considering that eight corners of the cell grain can be linked by multiple paths,we can regard every corner as a processing station or a storage shelf and so on.When the work flow between processing stations and storage shelves needs parallel or synergy,we can according to certain rules to define and link the corners in cell grain.
Adjacent corners can be linked and eliminate the value after connection, and operators "" to express., such as: Link(0,3)=Link(0,1)Link(1,3)=[10][010]=[110]; Link(0,3)=Link(0,2)Link(2,3)=[010][01]=[ 011]; Link(1,2)=Link(1,3)Link(3,2)=[010][01]=[ 011]; Link(1,2)=Link(1,0)Link(0,2)=[10][010]=[110]; (iv)"Chain statements" of cross point Link(3,4)=[Link((link(x,y))(1)(link(x,y))] (5) Explation about the algorithm: (a)In figure 4, the link algorithm of second surface corner is that put the point value minus(k-1) 4 (k is Cube situation number), then application the link algorithm just derivation, take the two surface’s value into "chain statements".
Further, we can use illustrations to explain the basic ideas of expansion from cell grain cube to super cubic.fig.5 which is based on fig.1 shows how to Downward extension and the physical form schemes of corners link correspondly.

A large number of works on the hydrogen absorption and activation properties of iron-based alloys of the A2B type produced by mechanical alloying or mechanical grinding has been reported [4-8].
The size of the grains again increased as the Mg composition increased.
It was thought that the ions of Mg alloyed with the bcc Fe structure, and the grain structure became non-uniform.
We thus clarified that the composition ratio of added Mg influenced the crystal structure and the grain size with the system for the combination to make the hcp structure react with the bcc structure.
We clarified that the composition ratio in the Fe-Mg system of added Mg influenced the crystal structure and the grain size for the combination to make the hcp structure react with the bcc structure.

The Laves phases are found around the M23C6 precipitates on the prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries [3].
The size and number density of Laves phase in tungsten added steels were even larger than those in tungsten free steels.
The prior austenite grain size and the tempered strength are known to influence the impact property of the FM steels.
The impact absorbed energy is reported to decrease with increasing prior austenite grain size and strength [7].
It is known that the decrease of the impact toughness during aging is due to the nucleation and growth of carbide precipitates on the prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries [8].

To estimate the density of the SF from Fig. 1, the spacing λ between SF are defined in this paper as the following equation; ∑ ∑ − 1N L = i ic λ (1) where Lic is the length of the i th arbitary line(s) parallel to the c axis in Fig. 1, Ni is the number of intersection points between the i th line and SF.
In WZNi30505, many aggregated precipitates are observed along grain boundaries.
There are also precipitates on grain boundaries and within grains in WZX30505.
On the other hand, the contribution of the precipitates are small becuase they distribute heterogeniously, mainly on and/or around grain boundaries.

A number of theories have been proposed to explain defect formation.
Figure 2 shows the grain structure of AA5182 alloy in the center of the sample at a distance of 2 mm from the bottom (see Fig. 1).
The material comprises equiaxed dendritic grains with an average grain size of 160 µm. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (s) T e m p e ra tu re ( oC ) 1 32 T solidus Figure 2.
Optical micrograph of grain structure in the centre of the sample at a distance of 2 mm from the bottom.

To ],1[( mkCak ∈∈∀ , m is the number of condition attribute.
Then the recrystallization grain size can be obtained from the OM microstructures.
It can be seen that the change slope of grain size by strain rate(shown in Fig.4) is much smaller than by billet temperature(shown in Fig.5).
References [1] LI N Y.: Material science forum Vol.488-489(2005),p.931 [2] LI Luo-xing, ZHOU Jie, DUSZCZYK J.: J Mater Process Tech Vol.172(2006),p. 3372 [3] LI Luoxing, LOU Yan: The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals Vol.18(2008 s1), p.252 [4] ZHOU Chi, RUAN Feng: Journal of Plasticity Engineering Vol.14(2007),p.130 [5] YIN Jilong, LI Dayong, PENG Yinhong: Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University Vol.38 (2004),p.1356 [6] Charlotte Bean, Chandra Kambhampati: International Journal Automation and Computing Vol.1 (2008), p.90 [7] YANG Xinhua, DENG Wu, ZHAO Wenzhong: Journal of Machine Design Vol.24(2007),p.17 [8] Yeong Minkim, Chee Kyeongkim, Jae Cheollee: Advances in Engineering Soft ware Vol.40 (2009),p.202 Fig.4 Grain size at 300℃、400℃ and different strain rate Fig.5 Grain size at 0.03s-1、0.3s-1 、3s-1、90s-1 and different

The efficiency of the method is due to the fact that each orientation is fully characterised by a very limited number of triplets that represent the positions and the intensities of the diffracting beams.
Twins in nanocrystalline nickel foam A fine-grained, polycrystalline nickel foam produced by chemical vapor deposition and made for electrochemical applications was analyzed with the present tool.
The grain size being of the order of 100 nm, the step sizes were set to around 10 nm.
Grain boundaries are emphasized in Fig 3.b because the correlation indexes are lowered when the templates do not match properly the diffraction pattern.
For mixed diffraction patterns recorded when the beam cover several crystals (e.g.: nano twins but also grain boundary), the best match is extracted even if another solution is proposed.

Its development includes features like fine grain size and versatile binder, resulting in unique combination of toughness and hardness suitable for various machining operations [2].
To minimize the number of experiments but still capable of quantifying the effect of each variable, a statistical method of full factorial design was applied.
Immersion in Murakami’s reagent was intended to etch the WC grains without affecting the cobalt content [7].
Source Sum of Degree of Freedom Mean F Prob > F Squares Square Value Model 0.005 6 0.001 143.33 < 0.01 HNO3 concentration (P) 0.000 1 0.000 50.00 0.02 H2O2 concentration (Q) 0.000 1 0.000 50.00 0.02 Etching time (R) 0.001 1 0.001 242.00 < 0.01 PQ 0.001 1 0.001 162.00 < 0.01 PR 0.002 1 0.002 338.00 < 0.01 QR 0.000 1 0.000 18.00 0.05 PQR -- omitted-- Surface morphology observation on cemented carbides pretreated by optimum two-step acid etching revealed that the cobalt binder which connected WC grains was dissolved, leaving gaps (Fig. 1).
Traversa, Effect of WC grain growth inhibitors on the adhesion of chemical vapor deposition diamond films on WC–Co cemented carbide, Diam.