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Recently, the demand to produce lighter weight, yet safer vehicles has led to the need to understand the crash behaviour of novel materials, such as fibre reinforced polymer composites, metallic foams and sandwich structures.
Recent demands to reduce fuel emissions without sacrificing the safety of the vehicle structure has led researchers and automakers worldwide to study novel light weight materials such as composites, metallic foams, sandwich structures etc.
Tubes are used to characterize the energy absorption of different materials as they closely represent the automotive crash rails.
Tarigopula, et al., International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2006. 32(5): p. 847-882
-y., Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 1996. 9(2): p. 58

Introduction Silicate glasses are very interesting amorphous materials because of their specific structural and physical properties.
The raw materials in proper amount were mixed and grinded finely to get a batch of 30 g.
According to the classical dielectric theory, the refractive index depends on density and on polarizability of the atom in a given materials [3].
Coordination and valence state of transition metal ions in alkali-borate glasses, Optical Materials 33 (2011) 1984–1988 [2] S.C.
Limsuwan, Properties of CoO doped in Glasses Prepared from Rice Hush Fly Ash in Thailand, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 18 (2011) 1-6

Kovacs and Fabian Ritz1,b 1Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O.
Yang, Factors influencing the GBF size of high strength steels in the very high cycle fatigue regime, Materials Science and Engineering: A, In Press, Corrected Proof (2010)
Weng, Relationship among fatigue life, inclusion size and hydrogen concentration for high-strength steel in the VHCF regime, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527 (2010) 559-564
Sakai, Review and Prospects for Current Studies on Very High Cycle Fatigue of Metallic Materials for Machine Structural Use, International Journal of Fatigue, 3 (2009) 425-439
Stanzl-Tschegg, Ultrasonic Fatigue, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Second Edition (2001) 9444-9449

Experimental Methods Materials.
Journal of Material Chemistry, 2003. 13: p. 1161-1165
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011. 5(7): p. 1026-1035
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007. 143: p. 206 - 213
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009. 168: p. 44 - 50.

Wang3,d, Peng Cao1,e 1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand 2Sir Lawrence Wackett Aerospace Research Centre, RMIT University, Australia 3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, China ahsin287@aucklanduni.ac.nz, bmhay097@aucklanduni.ac.nz, craj.das@rmit.edu.au, dzysgwang@chd.edu.cn, ep.cao@auckland.ac.nz Keywords Metal matrix composites, titanium, hardness, vacuum sintering.
Ward­Close, Production of titanium particulate metal matrix composite by mechanical milling, Materials Sci. and Tech. 16 (2000) 753-758
Song, Surface integrity of milling in-situ TiB2 particle reinforced Al matrix composites, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 54 (2016) 407-416
Ye, Characterization of the microstructure in TiB-whisker reinforced Ti alloy matrix composite, Materials Lett.16 (1993) 322-326
Fu, Microstructure and properties of insitu titanium boride (TiB)/titanium (TI) composites, Materials Sci. and Engg.

Introduction Turning has been used for centuries mainly for cutting various types of metallic materials.
A growing demand for machining these intractable materials requires new advanced turning technologies [1].
Active materials, in particular piezoelectric or magnetostrictive materials, are used widely to make actuators because they can easily convert high-frequency electrical energy into mechanical vibration [4].
The use of active materials for machining processes: A review, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, December 2007, Pages 2189–2206 [5] Gi Dae Kim, Byoung Gook Loh.
An ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting device for micro V-groove machining: Kinematical analysis and micro V-groove machining characteristics, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, July 2007, Pages 181–188 [6] J.H.

Journal of Nano Research 6 (2009) 185-196
Computational Materials Science 63 (2012) 12-19
Imani Yengejeh, et al., Numerical modeling of eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of hetero-junction carbon nanotubes with pentagon–heptagon pair defects, Computational Materials Science 92 (2014) 76-83
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/815340 [13] S.
Tang, Buckling behavior of carbon nanotube-based intramolecular junctions under compression: Molecular dynamics simulation and finite element analysis, Computational Materials Science 50 (2010) 253–259.

EXPERIMENTAL Materials LLDPE (ETILINAS LL0209SA) was supplied by Polyethylene Malaysia Sdn.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100(4), 2717-2724 (2006)
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113(5), 2826-2832 (2009)
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103(6), 3758-3765 (2007)
Journal of Polymer Engineering, 9(1), 67-84 (1990)

The error of predicted force is 6.5% due to the assumption of isotropic material.
Choi A lower upper-bound solution for shear spinning of cones, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences (2003)
Klimmek, Numerical investigation on dynamic effects during sheet metal spinning by explicit finite-element-analysis, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2006)
[4] Lin Wang and Hui Long, A study of effects roller path profiles on tool forces and part wall thickness variation in conventional metal spinning, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2011)
Ma, 3D FEM analysis of influence of roller feed rate on forming force and quality of cone spinning, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2007)

Materials Characterization, Vol. 59(2008), P. 857
Materials Science Forum, Vol. 419(2003), P. 303
Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 431(2006), P. 322
Materials Science Forum, Vol. 419(2003), P. 291
[9] Song Zhang, guangyin Yuan and Cheng Lu. materials review, Vol. 22(2008), P. 61