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At the same time, the grain size of equiaxed α phase and the volume fraction of lamellar α structure decreases with increasing of deformation temperature as shown in fig 1b-d.
The microstructure changes (formation of fine grains) that occur in the deformed specimens also give evidence regarding DRX.
Strong grain refinement is taken place in the zone with the temperature range of 850-750℃ and strain rate range of 0.01-0.001s-1, which is suitable for hot working.
Contour numbers represent percent efficiency of power dissipation.

Because of the plastic deformation imposed on the surface grains due to cold work, it can be detected in the photos with a magnification of 500× that some layer-structures of pearlites are crushed and turn into granular structures (Fig. 2c-d).
Moreover, if the magnification increases to 1000×, the crushing effect can also be observed in some ferrite grains (Fig. 2e-f).
But it can impact on some pearlite and ferrite grains, and refine local micro-structure.
Interval between two layers is 300 μm, and the number of measuring points for each specimen is 42.

Here, we evaluated an impact of the In- and N-rich growth conditions on the size of the grains in our films.
In the particular example of Fig. 1, it is clearly seen that the In- and N-rich growth conditions strongly effect on the size of the grains.
The results suggest that, unlike the N-rich growth condition [5], the formation of grains in the c-InN films grown under Inrich growth condition is caused by limited surface diffusion processes due to the insufficient V/III ratio.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported in part by Thailand Research Found (Contact Number MRG5080141) and Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University.

Mavko and Nur (1975, 1979) proposed a microscopic mechanism, due to microcracks in the grains and/or broken grain contacts[5,6].
When a seismic wave propagates in a rock having a grain-scale broken structure, the fluid builds up a larger pressure in the cracks than in the main pore space, resulting in a flow from the cracks to the pores, which Mavko and Nur (1975) called "squirt flow."
Sound speed [m/s] Density [kg/m 3] Frequency [Hz] 1 960 960 1141.541 2 980 1000 1143.025 3 1000 1040 1144.358 4 1040 1080 1146.13 5 1080 1120 1147.656 6 1200 1180 1150.656 7 1400 1250 1153.731 8 1600 1350 1155.76 9 1800 1450 1157.068 10 2000 1540 1157.932 11 2400 1600 1158.858 12 2800 1800 1159.493 13 3000 1900 1159.701 14 3500 2000 1160.00 15 4000 2100 1160.186 16 5000 2300 1160.389 17 6000 2500 1160.488 18 7000 2700 1160.541 Fig.3 The calculated compressibility and real compressibility 0.72m 0.25m 0.07m 0.08m 0.38m Fig.2 Three-dimensional DARS model used in the finite element simulation The horizontal axis is the number of the sample and the vertical axis is compressibility.

TiO2 irradiated by the light after the original bound electron-hole pair becomes excited electronic states, relative to the grain surface diffusion, electron, hole to the grain surface more than the number, then the high photocatalytic efficiency, large reaction activity, good antibacterial effect.Therefore the particle is small, electron, hole in the internal particle composite probability is small, the shorter the time to reach the surface, the higher the photocatalytic efficiency.
Outdoor dirt are mostly oil bonding dust and sand grain composition etc., the nanometer TiO2 photocatalysis can break down oil content, dust and sand and so on, in the rain is very easy to wash away stuff(8).

Grain size does not grow substantially, common grain area occurs at the joint boundaries and material strength (maximum strength) of the material at welding sections corresponds to the strength of the basic material.
Experimental and industrial samples of panels: a, b - wing elements of titanium alloy 4Al-3Mo-1V; c – shell panel made of aluminum alloy AA5056 Metallography of connection zones for a number of aluminum and titanium alloys is shown in fig. 4.
Kim, Superplastic gas pressure forming of fine-grained AZ61 magnesium alloy sheet.

The measured and calculated elastic modulus of CNTS [6] show also diversities from the lowest value of 600 GPa to the highest value of 1.8 TPa, depending on the diameter, shape, chirality, methods of measurement, and sometimes the nature, size and number of defects, etc.
In this analysis [8], flow behavior of the unit cell was obtained by the nano/microscale analysis of nanoparticles, grain interior and grain boundary phases, and these flow curves were used for the analysis of the simulation of much larger scale phenomena, e.g. indentation responses.
The final flow behavior can be effectively used for the practical component design. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 120 140 160 180 CNT/Cu Composite Young's Modulus, GPa Volume Fraction of CNT, % CNT Array of Iso-strain CNT Array of Crossover CNT Array of Iso-stress Upper Bound (Rule of Mixture) Lower Bound (Rule of Mixture) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Effective stress, MPa Effective strain 5% CNT/Cu composite, Cu grain size ; 1000nm Iso strain Cross over Iso stress Cu Fig. 4 Calculated Young's modulus (a) and stress vs. strain curves of the CNT reinforced MMCs.

This microstructure is similar to products obtained by SLC casting processes and induction heated at 570 ºC (d), but with larger grain size [2,4].
This difference can be attributed to lower alpha phase grain size (Fig. 3c).
The microstructure obtained was similar to components produced by SLC, but with a larger grain size due to the influence of casting microstructure.
Rassili, “Thixoextrusion of A357 Aluminium Alloy” in Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2010, Volume 20, Number 9, pp. 1005-1009

These were generalized as GAM (grain average misorientation) and KAM (kernel average misorientation).
GAM, on the other hand, represents average point-to-point misorientation in a grain.
A grain was defined by the continuous presence of a boundary above 5° misorientation.
S-N (strain-Number of cycles) curves (a) AISI8620 (b) 20MnCr5 (a) (b) (c) Figure 2.

We know that polymers have a number of vital properties, which exploited alone or together, make a significant and expanding contribution to constructional needs.
Nevertheless we need to find out what properties of concrete will change when using plastic grains instead of certain amount of sand.
Is it possible to affect the decline in compressive strength that appeared when using grain plastic waste by using plastic or natural fibers.
Our tests were aimed to compare plastic and naturel fibers as addition of fibers does not decrease mechanical properties as much as the use of grains.