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These properties include hardness, elastic modulus, wear resistance, chemical phase composition, grain size, colouration, and surface roughness.
The Effect of the Layer Number on the Melt-Pool Temperature Figure 1 (a) shows the normalised temperature within the build layers.
This temperature variation and the different cooling rates resulted in three clear zones of grain sizes, large (L), transition (T), and small (S) related to the low, mid, and high cooling rates respectively.
This procedure produces a better control over the global temperature in addition to the significant control on the cooling rate and then the residual stresses, the grain size and phase formation.
Acknowledgments This publication has emanated from research supported by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under grant number 16/RC/3872 and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund.

The paper focuses on a number of the key aspects of at once the fabrication of MMCs by SPD, the advanced techniques of investigation and the promises of composites.
Wire drawing gives rise to supersaturated solid solutions between even immiscible elements like Ag in Cu or Cu and Nb, whose out of equilibrium nature has clearly been proved by number of results.
Some important parameters to be considered in association seem to be the interface bonding, the crystal structure, the crystallographic texture and the shape and size of the grains.
Due to their intrinsic brittleness, such layers indeed fracture along their grain boundaries at very low strains and the resultant debris finally pile up as large clusters on the interfaces asperities [15].
For the same kind of composite, the magnitude of the drawing strain must also be adjusted in order to provide the most well suited filament spacing for the Nb3Sn reaction, and then grain size [23].

In this perspective, the grain size is refined and the much higher shear stress is needed to nucleate a dislocation than that in single crystalline NWs.
The same dislocation activity on {111} slip planes happens in the rest neighboring grains resulting in a ">" shaped (i.e., five-sided hat-shaped viewed from [1 ̅1 ̅0] direction, Fig. 3d).
With the increasing the number of these SFD chains, the inherent elastic strain and surface stress are significantly released by exposing more {111} facets with lowest energy, which plays an important role in local hardening.
With extensive tensile elongation, necking occurs in the nano-crystal (Fig. 4a), which is a result of discrete cooperative slip events on two conjugate {111} planes, giving rise to a number of enlarged surface steps.
After the accomplishment of these phase transformations, the NW is re-crystallized to a new, distorted, and dislocated polycrystalline NW consisting of several grains with various new orientations, resulting in a relatively lower energy state.

When the grain size distribution of sediment are required, other techniques such as areal, grid, or transect sampling and volumetric sampling are used [2,3].
In term of suspended load transport of sediment mixtures, the analysis is more complex because of the influences of grains exposure to the bed load transport and therefore the concentration close to the bed [10].
The interference between grain sizes in the process of entrainment and suspended load movement also affecting the exponent in the sediment distribution equation [10].
The samples were taken at points which have been found to be representative for each river after each sub basin is progressively numbered in downstream direction.
The similarity to some extent together with the inconsistencies in the finding between different order, most notably between the second and the third order river raise the importance of increasing the number of measurement in different season with various discharges.

The existence of a h phase has been associated to a deleterious effect on alloy´s strength and ductility, but it is also pointed out that keeping some amounts of it during processing is a way to control grain size [2].
Grain size is an important factor in hardening, it is well known that strengthening is inversely proportional to the grain size; this is due to the existence of grain boundaries as sources of dislocations and barriers to deformation [4].
The Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA), and the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functional [18,19] were used, and in a first approach no magnetic moments were included in the model but in order to improve it spin-polarized calculations and double number of atoms (64) were also used in the second run of calculations.
First principles results of the enthalpy of formation (at 0 K) as a function of the number of atoms of Ti and W and values published in the databases for the binaries systems.

It is also obvious that when the concrete cover is thin or when it gets thinner due to abrasion with time, large grains of aggregate step out on the surface and the appearance of the cover is than affected by their colour.
It is the result of spherical-shape grains of relatively large diameter and the repulsive forces between the particles of chromite oxide.
The application of fine grounded ceramic powder is relatively new solution on the field of cement supplementary materials, but the number of research works indicates great potential of the mentioned material as an active additive in concrete.
It will be necessary to perform number of laboratory tests to evaluate sufficient durability properties of those modified composites.
Advantages of mortar-based design for coloured self-compacting concrete; Cement & Concrete Composites 2009, Vol. 31, pp.754–761 [8] Dvořák, K., 2014, Influence of different grinding types on granulometry of cement grains.

This prediction is confirmed by both the fine-grained microstructure obtained after mechanical alloying in Figure 3 and the compressive strength values in Figure 4.a.
EDS analyses of the points numbered in the SEM images are given in table 1.
The reason for this strength was seen as intrinsic solid solution strengthening, with the combined effect of grain boundary strengthening, interstitial solid solution strengthening.
Acknowledgements The project received sponsorship from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK) under project number 119M980.
Ultra-high strength WNbMoTaV high-entropy alloys with fine grain structure fabricated by powder metallurgical process.

The addition of Mn to the alloy could reduce the oxygen-containing particles and the volume fraction of matrix grain boundaries[10], thus weakens the dendritic segregation of Sn.
Xing et al conducted a homogenization annealing test on Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy, which found that the homogenization annealing process at 800°C/2h did not have a significant effect on the alloy; the homogenization annealing process of 800°C/2h+830°C/2h had a relatively obvious effect, and a large number of dendritic segregation has been eliminated, but there was still a small amount of segregation; the effect of homogenization annealing at 850°C/2h was much better than 830°C/2h, and grain over-burning and significant growth did not occur; after 870°C/2h homogenization annealing, the grain size of the alloy was obviously grown[9].
It can be seen from Fig.2b that the phenomenon of dendritic segregation of the alloy has been eliminated, the non-equilibrium tissue phase has also been remelted, and the grain of the alloy has not grown significantly.
At this stage, a large number of dislocations is introduced in the crystal, which interact with each other to form pile-ups that are also regarded as defects.
Therefore, σ can be deduced as[16]: Fσ=σn,(ασ<0.8)expβσ,(ασ>1.2)sinhασm,all real numbers

The number of deposition cycles was increased in order to obtain ZnO films with different thicknesses and to study its effect on structural, optical, and morphological properties. 2.
By increasing the ZnO film thickness, the number of nucleation sites increases on the substrate, this let a reduction of pore density and a densification of ZnO films (fig. 5b, 5c, and 5d).
Moreover, it is observed that the grains become more uniform and homogenous in size.
On the other hand, HRSEM images suggest that the ZnO films deposited are crack free and high quality with spherical grains about 40-60 nm in size.
Photoluminescence spectra exhibited a strong UV emission due to the low number of defects in the film and the high crystalline quality.

Lorentz's number leans on the degree of elasticity in carrier scattering [14,15].
The grain sizes of the annealed thin films of SnSe/PbTe at 323K, 423K, and 523K are 19.78nm, 18.50nm, and 16.87nm respectively.
The grain sizes of annealed thin films of SnSe/PbSe at 323K, 423K, and 523K are 4.47nm, 7.732nm, and 10.82nm respectively.
The electronic thermal conductivity can be determined from the Wiedemann-Franz law (ke = LσT) where L is the Lorentz number.
The increase in the lattice thermal conductivity may be due to an increase in the grain size of the grown thin films [23].