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A possible reduction or elimination of the influence of these factors will generally improve the quality of the processed surface of the product.
Surface of the holes formed when drilling with a drill bit (a) in the initial state; (b) hardened by laser radiation Analyzing the data obtained, it follows that along with an increase in the wear resistance of the modified tool, an improvement in the roughness of the machined surface is observed, while the chip formation mechanism also has its distinctive features.
When drilling with a tool in the normal state, small chips are formed, and when using a modified drill with a finely dispersed structure, a flow long chip is predominantly formed, with a subsequent reduction in its length as the drill bit wears out.
Thus, the effect of increasing the surface roughness from laser exposure to the tool, according to available experimental data, in all probability depends on the degree of dispersion (amorphization) of the modified layer.
HAZ microstructure due to the action of a laser radiation pulse With a further reduction in radiation energy input, the potential of microcracks decreases and then disappears completely, while maintaining the effect of grain refinement.

The reduction in oxidation rate in SO2 containing atmospheres could be due to the presence of sulphates at the metal/scale interface which probably influences ion transport through the oxide scale.
The reduction in oxidation rate observed in SO2 containing atmosphere could be due to the presence of sulphates at the metal/scale interface which probably influences ion transport through the oxide scale.
The reduction in oxidation rate in SO2 containing atmosphere could be due to the presence of sulphates at the metal/scale interface which probably influences ion transport through the oxide scale.
Klaus Hack, GTT Germany, for the thermodynamic data set used in the modelling.
Barin: Thermochemical data of pure substances (VCH Publishers, New York, USA, 1995)

Experimental material and techniques The 15 mm commercial AA 7075 plate (90.2Al-5.4Zn-2.3Mg-1.5Cu-0.28Fe-0.11Si (wt %)) was processed with new short-cycled TMT which consisted of the following steps: the 15 mm-thick AA7075 aluminum alloy sheet was solution treated at 748 K for 1.5 h and quenched into cold water, then heated to 623 K for 10 min duration and 60% thickness reduction (to 6 mm) was carried out with 1st-step warm rolling at 623 K to acquire larger precipitates with size about 0.5 μm, and then 2nd-step continuous rolling the plate to 1.8 mm (70 % thickness reduction) without reheating was performed.
X-ray diffractometer scans were obtained from a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer (D/MAX-RB) with CuKα radiation (λ= 1.5406 Å).The CHANNEL5 software was used for EBSD data analysis.
Thus the drastic reduction of HV at first 3 s (Fig. 2c) should be mainly induced by the strong recovery effect.
Duswalt, The practice of obtaining kinetic data by differential scanning calorimetry, Thermochim.

- Energy: as a consequence of the economic crisis and of the ever increasing oil prices, the price elasticity of demand with respect to fuel costs has increased, meaning that transport sensitivity to energy costs is higher than before and this resulted above all in road traffic reduction
The choice of alternative transport modes and a reduction of car trips can be strongly affected by efficient integrated transport systems
The effects on mobility of most of the previous emerging drivers (e.g. sustainable lifestyle, e-everything, ITS, safety, land policies) still need to be analysed more in depth: in many cases both trip reduction and generation effects may occur and people’s sensitivity to such drivers still represent a knowledge gap.
The analysis was carried out through desk research and processing of data coming from different official sources, such as the national and regional statistical databases or regional mobility surveys.
Looking at aggregated provincial data, in the last ten years the trend of the population size has shown an annual increase of about 0,35% and this figure is expected to increase to 0,80% in the next ten years.

In the case of stationary processes Eq. (28) takes the following form . (29) At the present time, no experimental data are available to determine and .
Therefore, due to a lack of experimental data, it is possible to approximately estimate the instant of fraction initiation by means of the condition .
Thus the intersection of the curves with the horizontal axis determines the die angles at which fracture initiates near the friction surface at a given value of reduction (Fig. 4).
It is seen from this figure that the range of safe angles increases with the reduction.
Effect of die angle and reduction on the fracture initiation according to the new fracture criterion.

It can be primarily done by the reduction of cutting resistance.
For this reason, it is possible to make comparison between them. [7] The following measure set was used at measuring of force load: piezoelectric dynamometer for milling KISTLER 9255 A, amplifier KISTLER 5007, PCL 85511 collection card and the specialized software SPURT 1.6 was used to record and process data in the notebook.
All measured data, stored in the form of the time record of the force load F(x,y,z) = f(t), was filtered by frequency.
Fig. 4 Influence of cutting speed and contact type on force component FC (comparison for the constant feed fZ = 0,05 a 0,15 mm/tooth) The increasing cutting speed, together with the decreasing ratio of cross-section of removed layer (Af) at finishing and roughing, has positive impact on of component FC reduction (the deformation resistance of the removed material reduces).
Impact of cutting speed on both reduction and overall load FZ is decreases with increasing fZ.

The consequence of this situation will be a gradual reduction in the coverage of the demand for input building materials.
A large-scale reduction in material landfilling came only in the context of environmental and technical requirements for economic sustainability of resources across Europe.
Based on the treatment data of the excavated material, it can be concluded that almost all of the rock material was treated efficiently and thus a significant saving of mineral resources within the tunnel construction region was achieved [5].
At the same time, there is a strong emphasis on ecology, environmental protection, pollution reduction and recycling across the entire European construction segment.
It would be useful if a catalogue or register were to be created, which would collect evaluated data and thus form an important landmark for future raw material management practices.

Manufacturing process developments from an environmental perspective can be linked to issues of reduction, reuse, recycle, redesign, remanufacturing and recover.
Reduction from a process perspective will require integration of ideas for energy optimization and waste minimization.
The difficulties arise when the benefits of efforts to reduce wastes are not out weighted by the cost of developing, planning and implementing the reduction effect.
Data has been collected such as mass volume of liquid and solid concentration, details process, chemical produce, and any by-product produced gathered.
Data is gathered, potential impact of each element is identified as criteria and grouped into each sustainability elements; environmental, economical and social.

Despite a significant amount of the data published, the effect of cryodeformation of the complex-alloyed aluminum alloys is least studied.
Results and discussion According to SEM and TEM data, the alloy microstructure before rolling was mainly fibrous and consisted of highly elongated grains with thickness of 100-200 µm, aligned along the pressing direction, and ~5% of nearly equiaxed grains with diameter ~5 µm (Fig. 1 and Tab.1).
Besides, further growth of matrix lattice microstraining and reduction of the subgrain size, especially in transverse direction, can be noticed, while the other structural parameters remained almost stable (Tab.1).
With increasing the strain, the improvement of structure of bands takes place, at which first stage, the dislocation boundaries become narrower and more regular owing to reduction of their thickness and increase in dislocation density.
Summary The mixed nanostructure with near equal fractions of subgrains and new recrystallized grains having the same size ~150 nm was processed in the hot-pressed D16 alloy during cryorolling at a temperature of liquid nitrogen with е ~3.5 With increasing strain the alloy structure transformation goes through two main stages: - formation of the low-misoriented dislocation (cellular) band structures with wide boundaries; and - improvement of structure of bands, at which first step, the dislocation boundaries become narrower and more regular owing to reduction of their thickness and increase in dislocation density.

The most significant corrosion damage is probably reduction of the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides and decline of lignin amorphous three-dimensional network [9].
All data are presented as the percentages of oven-dry mass per mass of unextracted wood.
Data represent mean percentages of oven dry mass.
The reduction in yield of cellulose in wood treated with phosphates is of 5.2–7.9% and with chlorides of 8.7–9.4%.
These above mentioned chemicals, which differentially affect hemicelluloses, have very similar effect on lignin reduction (except NaCl that only slightly deteriorates hemicelluloses, but extensively degrades lignin).