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In its turn that mechanical property is associated to the work-hardening behaviour and the vast literature on this relationship is a measure of its importance.
Introduction Among the mechanical properties of structural materials, ductility is particularly important since it relates to fracture toughness and formability.
Main factors influencing ductility, and their respective origins and effects
These factors can be classified as extrinsic, since they depend on processing methods and practices
Moreover, in the particular case of SPD materials, residual stresses and dislocation locking are additional factors limiting ductility.

The increasing complex joint geometry and its three dimensional nature combine to increase the difficulty of obtaining an overall system of governing equations for predicting the fatigue properties of the adhesively bonded joints.
They concluded that the joint ultimate loads could be accurately predicted based on stress concentration factors from FEA and FRP through-thickness tensile strength values obtained from small-scale coupon tests.
A 3D FEA of the hybrid joint was carried out using the ABAQUS code with the model including the effects of large-deformations, bolt-hole contact and non-linear adhesive material properties.
The analyses revealed that adhesive layers introduce large increases in the in- and out-of-plane displacements, reduce bending and stress concentration factors (SCF), and increase the fatigue life of riveted lap joints.
However, accurate and reliable FEA is still a difficult task as the fatigue behaviour of these joints is not only influenced by the geometric characteristics of the joints but also by different factors and their combinations.

One of the major causes of pipeline failures around the world is the mechanical damages such as dents, gouges, or a combination of both [1,2].
The defects can affect the safety of pipelines, and even depress their service life; may lead to enormous economic costs and jeopardize the surrounding ecological environments.
PRCI proposed an empirical Q factor model to assess the residual strength of pipelines with a groove plus dent defect; while British Gas established a fracture assessment model to deal with the same problem [7].
It was shown in Fig.2 that the properties of crack propagation were similar when the stress ration was 0.1 and 0.5.
For the fatigue crack propagation with non-band mechanism, the fatigue crack propagation coefficient can be estimated by the material’s tensile properties: (3) where E, σf and εf is the elastic modulus, fracture strength and fracture ductility, respectively.

The study focused on the various factors affecting the spiral flow in order to improve the performance and efficiency of the spiral flow generating device [1-4].
The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation study gas flow state of the cylinder body, not only able to get flow macroscopic properties in conditions of the shape of the gas inlet, air intake way and other parameters, and also can get a lot of the microscopic information of the internal flow field[6].
Therefore, we know the relationship between the shape of the gas inlet and fluid properties, which provide important theoretical basis for the improvement of the spiral flow field and industrial equipment.
Fig. 2.1 Velocity on surface x = 0 of model-A Fig. 2.2 Velocity on surface x = 0 of model-B Tangential velocity is a main factor to control the air flow stably moving in the spiral flow field.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 [7] Xueyi Zhou.

The mechanical properties after heat treatment are listed in Table 1.
As can be seen in the table, a marked increase of hardness is observed in both steels, while the increased ratio of hardness in both steels decreases Table 1 Mechanical properties.
This means that the coaxing effect of 316 steel subjected to a prestrain of more than 25% is not affected by strain aging.
Factors of influence.
However, 304 steel showed little strain aging ability (Fig.3 (a)), thus the coaxing effect of this steel was not affected by strain aging.

At present, the studies about LFW mainly focus on the process, microstructure and mechanical properties.
In addition, the researches about the relationship between the texture variation and mechanical properties of LFW joints of Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si and AISI316L also make a great progress [3,4,5].
On the other hand, as the oscillation frequency increases, test cavity oscillates more quickly, affecting motion of traced point.
The displacement of lead in Y direction is attributed to two factors consisting of moving and flow, but the displacements still reflect the trend of plastic flow of lead.
It makes that bottom lead obstructs above lead more seriously, which affects plastic flow of lead in Y direction.

The thus-formed oxide scale affects the strip surface finish in ways such as surface roughness.
Any factor that affects the flow of material such as temperature, reduction and friction will affect the deformation of the oxide scale and the surface roughness.
In this study, a programme written in Python language was developed to construct the finite element method (FEM) model including geometrical shape, mesh, material properties, boundary and initial conditions, control parameters in Marc FEM package.
It shows that the lubricant only affects the roughness of the oxide scale surface.
Summary There are many factors that can affect roughness transformation in hot strip rolling process.

As Cu and W have a huge difference in melting point along with poor wettability, the bond between W and Cu is seriously affected, thus lowering its properties.
For WCu composite materials, the properties mainly depend on the porosity and grain size.
All these factors contribute to the enhancement of the hardness.
Cu phase can wrap W phase continuously along the grain boundary of W. 3) An appropriate Ce addition into W skeleton can improve the combination of properties of WCu composite materials.
Chen, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten composites co-strengthened by dispersed TiC and La2O3 particles,” Int.

Explosive Air Blast Loading Blast wave pressure-time history The observed characteristics of air blast waves are found to be affected by the physical properties of the explosion source.
Higher shape factors indicate less uniformity in the fragment shape and hence larger surface area.
Dynamic Analysis and RC Structural Response to Blast Loading Dynamic increase factors The mechanical properties of concrete and steel under dynamic loading conditions can be quite different from that under static loading.
Strength magnification factors as high as 4 in compression and up to 6 in tension have been reported.
The pressure-time history from a conventional explosion is primarily dependent on two critical factors, the charge weight and standoff distance.

The δ-TRIP steel has attracted wide attention from researchers and industry, as it possesses the mechanical properties of the third-generation advanced automotive steels, and the lower density achieved by the addition of light element aluminum.
Nowadays, most of the research of δ-TRIP steels are focused on the heat treatment process and its mechanical properties.There are few research focusing on the deformation behavior of δ-TRIP steel at high temperature.
The peak stress (σp) affected by deformation temperature is illustrated in Fig. 2(d).
In order to exactly describe the effects of deformation temperature and strain rate during hot deformation, a temperature compensation strain-rate factor Z is usually introduced [16]
Ma, δ-TRIP steel: Physical and mechanical metallurgy, J.