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The reason for this result is that a large number of carbons exist in the mesoporous channels of Al-SBA-15-C.
The diameter of as-generated grains is mainly 0.03~0.1μm.
The possible reason for small grain may be that F- ion has the strong structure-directing function [11], which can increase the nucleation rate and affect the further growing of the grain.
From Fig.4, it can be seen that HZSM-5-N has a large number of weak acid sites as well as some strong acid sites.
The total numbers of acid sites in HZSM-5-N, HAl-SBA-15 and HZSM-5-X are 0.60 mmol/g, 0.41 mmol/g and 0.45 mmol/g, respectively.

Grain sizes were visually measured on optical micrographs after anodic oxidation in rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD) and normal direction (ND).
Particule type Mg2Si (7050) (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn) (2050) Al7Cu2Fe (7050) Number of particles > 10µm 12 49 53 Fraction of cracked particles 50% 37 % 2% The specimens were polished on the four surfaces with 320-4000 SiC papers.
It was observed that the number of broken particles before mechanical loading depends on their nature.
During initiation step in 7050-T74 specimen, Mg2Si particles are observed as more detrimental, since they account for around one half of cracks despite their very low number compared to Al7Cu2Fe.
Future work will include more observations about initiation and micro-propagation steps in both alloys, in order to quantify the influence of particles and grain environment (e.g. grain size and shape, crystallographic orientation) on small fatigue cracks.

In order to solve the problem, a tool has been developed for material classification into one of the three groups based on the chemical composition of the material, temperature of quenching, tempering and the number of tempering stages.
TH – Quenching temperature [C], TO – tempering temperature [C], LO – the number of tempering procedures.
The computational package includes networks dedicated to computation of: - surface hardness, - thickness of the diffusion layer at the hardness criterion: core hardness + 50 HV, 100  HV, 150  HV, - thickness of the white layer γ’ + ε, - evaluation of occurrence of nitrides at the grain boundary.
For injection nozzles, the expected layer thickness lay within the range of 0.15-0.18 mm, no nitride layer, a thin nitride lattice on the grain boundaries, the layer surface hardness above 900 HV.
Structure: diffusion layer on the substrate of tempered martensite. γ‘ nitride precipitations on grain boundaries.

When the number and size of the cracking is enough for aggressive agents to invade, the concrete will seriously deteriorate.
In addition, the replacement of cement with the equal fly ash increases the hydration grains of mixture, lowers the w/c ratio and decreases the space between particles [14].
By water quenching, the slag has a great number of vitreous bodies, which are instable, have great potential activity and activate the potential by grinding.
Acknowledgment The research reported was supported by fund from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Serial Number: 50539010) References [1] T.Sugiyama, T.W.Bremmer.
Influence of grain gradation of coarse aggregates on concrete strength [J].

However, according to Wang et al. [13], proper quenching and tempering treatment after the forming process, the steel can achieve ultrafine grain, super strength, and good ductility.
A large number of alloy carbide deposits are distributed along the grain boundaries after tempering, these deposits try to dissolve into the matrix at high tempering temperatures.
The tapered parts underwent a forging process with a different number of strokes.
The micro photos were tested with a metallographic microscope machine (Nikon brand, serial number 661103, 1000x capacity, type X1005TTEPL) and a SEM machine.
Wang et al., “Super strength of 65Mn spring steel obtained by appropriate quenching and tempering in an ultra fi ne grain condition,” Mater.

The grain size of Ti/SiO2 composite decreased with an increase in of SiO2 content but the grain boundary zone increased with an increase in the content of SiO2 (Fig. 1 (a-c)).
The adherent cell number on the composite was then measured by MTS assay after cell culture for 1, 4 and 7 d.
It can be seen that the cell number adhering to the surface of all Ti/SiO2 and Ti/ZrO2 composites increased with cell culture time, which indicated that SaOS2 cells adhered, spread and grew on the surfaces of all the Ti/2SiO2 and Ti/2ZrO2 composites.
Compared to pure Ti, the cell number adhering to the surface of all the Ti/2SiO2 and Ti/2ZrO2 composites was dramatically increased after culture for 1, 4 and 7 d.
In particular, the number of cells spread on the Ti/2%ZrO2 composite was higher than that on the Ti/2%SiO2 composite.

The synthetic process was optimized and the crystalline phase, grain dimension and morphology of the CSi-HA nanopowder were characterized.
It was also found that the CSi-HA grain size shows a decrease trend with the increase of CO32- and SiO44- substitution in the experimental range.
Fig.3 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of the BA sample In Fig.3, the wave numbers of 3468.22cm-1 and 1633.73cm-1 are characteristic absorption peaks of OH-; the 1069.63cm-1, 981.81cm-1, 570.43cm-1 and 603.05cm-1 are those of PO43- group; the 1455.20cm-1, 1415.96cm-1 and 874.01 cm-1 are those of CO32- group and the 470.82cm-1 is the peak of SiO44- group.
Conclusion From the above experimental results and discussion it can be concluded: 1) Dispersing Ca(OH)2 into alkaline ammonia solution with pH around 10.5~11.5 prior to H3PO4 addition under ultrasonic application can effectively prevent secondary phase formation and can produce a pure and gel-like nascent HA ready for later substitution. 2) Adding Na2SiO3 and Na2CO3 mixed solution into the nascent HA product with continuous ultrasound application can effectively achieve the ionic group substitution of HA by CO32- and SiO44-. 3) The CSi-HA product fabricated by the BA procedure and ultrasound coprecipitation is pure, fine and uniform acicular nanopowder. 4) The CSi-HA grain dimension has a decrease trend with the increase of CO32- and SiO44- substitution in the experimental range.

In-situ inspection showed that cement curtain in foundation was broken and grain size gradations of laterite near curtain lost seriously.
Therefore, after collecting and numbering and dealing of exudates of the soil samples after permeability tests, the concentration of ion of silicon, aluminium, iron and titanium is detected.
Moreover, plenty of clay particles are decomposed as the clay grain is very fine and the specific surface area is large and can easily react with which is the main part of clay particles.
Furthermore, grain size gradations become unbalanced as the viscous substances and coatings among laterite particles are slowly eroded and the fillings among laterite particles gradually flow away.
Collochemistry character of the structure connection among red clay mineral grain [J].

We proposed the concept of layered grain induced crack deflection and illustrated toughening mechanism of SPSTC.
Fig. 5a shows that the main fracture mode of the composite is intergranular fracture, which leads to high fracture energy dissipation during crack propagation because of the grain boundary strength weaker than grain internal strength in polycrystalline materials.
The crack propagation in the form of a ladder mainly depends on the internal structure of Na2Ti6O13 grain.
The hydrogen ions become dissociated due to the strong polarization effect of titanium ions, which decreases the number of hydroxyl groups on surfaces：-Ti-O-H -Ti-O-H→-Ti-O-+H+
We proposed the concept of layered grain induced crack deflection and illustrated toughening mechanism of SPSTC.

Additionally, the strength of the base material is often improved due to significant grain refinement resulting from the stirring action of the tool at relatively low temperatures.
In addition to this advantage, FSW is also characterized as having a strengthening effect, which results from significant grain size reductions.
Therefore, it is possible that greater grain refinement may occur in the offset material, improving its strength.
These measurements can explain expected weld structures, strengths, and the "ease" of welding with certain process parameters.Table 1: List of test parameters Test number Amplitude [mm] Wavelength [mm] Overlap [mm] 1 Baseline, linear path 2 3.175 3.175 3.175 3 3.175 3.175 6.35 4 3.175 3.175 9.525 5 3.175 6.35 3.175 6 3.175 6.35 6.35 7 3.175 6.35 9.525 8 3.175 9.525 3.175 9 3.175 9.525 6.35 10 3.175 9.525 9.525 11 6.35 3.175 3.175 12 6.35 3.175 6.35 13 6.35 3.175 9.525 14 6.35 6.35 3.175 15 6.35 6.35 6.35 16 6.35 6.35 9.525 17 6.35 9.525 3.175 18 6.35 9.525 6.35 19 6.35 9.525 9.525 20 9.525 3.175 3.175 21 9.525 3.175 6.35 22 9.525 3.175 9.525 23 9.525 6.35 3.175 24 9.525 6.35 6.35 25 9.525 6.35 9.525 26 9.525 9.525 3.175 27 9.525 9.525 6.35 28 9.525 9.525 9.525 Axial (Fz) and planar forces (Fx and Fy) were measured throughout welding utilizing a force dynamometer.
However, since the location of the maximum temperature was found offset from the seam of the weld, it is hypothesized that the grains of the material located directly along the seam may not be as affected by the heat, allowing for smaller grain sizes and stronger bond strength at this location.