Search results

Citation & Copyright (to be inserted by the publisher ) Reduction in Al Acceptor Density by Electron Irradiation in Al-Doped 4H-SiC H.
Co., Ltd., 3-1-56 Nishi-Awaji, Higashi-Yodogawa, Osaka 533-0031, Japan Keywords: Electron irradiation, Hall-effect measurement, Reduction in acceptors, Temperature dependence of hole concentration, Free carrier concentration spectroscopy Abstract.
This indicates that the main reduction in )(Tp by the electron irradiation resulted from the decrease of the Al acceptor density, not from the creation of defects.
Similar phenomena have been reported in p-type Si: the )(Tp in Temperature [K] Hole Concentration [cm-3] Before irradiation : Experimental Data : Simulated result After irradiation : Experimental data : Simulated result 4H-SiC epilayer 100 200 300 400 500 600 10 13 10 14 10 15 10 16 Fig. 3 Comparison between experimental and simulated )(Tp .
Therefore, the main reduction in )(Tp by irradiation resulted from the decrease of Al acceptor, not from the creation of hole traps or donor-like defects.

After calculating, finding that the same regulation of emissions reduction for all regions is better for economic growth and different regulation of emissions reduction is better for balanced development of regional economy.
and maintain that the direction of causality is unclear; Perman and Stern (2003) analyze the EKC relationship in a panel of 74 countries using sulfur emissions and point out that the data have stochastic trends.
Empirical analyses 3.1 Data According to emissions goal, we can stipulate that carbon emissions of per unit GDP 2010 drop by 4% compared to 2005.
Calculate the ratio of GDP and carbon emissions from 2005 to 2009 for all regions and the average of them to improve the practicality of data, it is approximately equal to , then we get ，，，.
Income and emission: a panel-data based cointegration analysis.

By fitting the data with theoretical models, a reduction of the Schottky barrier from 1.21eV after annealing at 600°C to 0.81eV at 800°C was demonstrated, together with a strong increase of the carrier concentration at the interface.
The reduction of the contact resistance upon annealing was discussed by correlating the structural and electrical characteristics of the contacts.
The mechanism of current transport in the contacts and the related physical parameters were quantitatively determined by fitting the experimental data with the theoretical expressions of ρc based on the thermoionic field emission and the field emission models [11-13].
By fitting the data with the TFE model, the values of ΦB=1.21±0.01 eV and ND = (4.6±0.1 )×10 19cm-3 were determined.
On the other hand, for the sample annealed at 800°C, which exhibits a good ohmic behaviour, in the range of temperatures considered in this work the experimental dependence of ρc could be better fitted by the Field Emission (FE) model [11,12], i.e. )exp()( 00 2 E q CFE Bc Φ =ρ 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 6.0x10 -6 1.2x10 -5 1.8x10 -5 exp. data fit (FE) (b) ΦB = 0.81eV ND = 5.6x10 19 cm -3 800°C ρC (Ωcm 2 ) Measure Temperature (K) 1.0x10 -4 2.0x10 -4 3.0x10 -4 4.0x10 -4 exp. data fit (TFE) (a) ΦB = 1.21eV ND = 4.6x10 19 cm -3 600°C ρC (Ωcm 2 ) Fig.3: Specific contact resistance ρc as a function of the measure temperature T: (a) 600°C and (b) 800°C (b). where C2 is a function of ND, T and ΦB.

The numerical calculation methods can be divided into two groups [1]: the first is the numerical simulation combined with the optimum search method; and the second is the strength reduction method.
By means of functional data analysis and the strength reduction technique, Zheng et al. [2] developed a technique for searching the critical slip surface.
In this research, a numerical code RFPA2D based on Strength Reduction Method was employed to evaluate the stability of the left bank of Jinping first stage hydropower station.
The principle of strength reduction FEM and corresponding program The method of strength reduction FEM.
A Mohr-Coulomb criterion is applied in these models and the factor of strength reduction is 0.01 for each step.

Legislation in locations worldwide are calling for further reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM).
An SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) exhaust gas after-treatment system, which uses a urea solution as a reductant, has a high NOx reduction potential.
The effect of NOx emissions reduction was obvious, and the reduction efficiency of NOx was 78.9%.
The authors would like to thank SINOTRUK for their crucial help in ESC and ETC test that they achieved and for the valuable discussions, for preparation of the SCR system and Wei ZHANG in extracting data obtained by the engine testing.
[2] Walker et al, “Development of an Ammonia/SCR NOx Reduction System for a Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine”, SAE paper 921673

Sn-Ni intermetallic compounds have been prepared by a chemical reduction method.
In this paper, Sn-Ni intermetallic compounds have been prepared by a chemical reduction method.
Fig 1 shows the XRD patterns of the products prepared by chemical reduction methods with different Sn and Ni molar ratios.
Using the XRD data, the average grain size can be approximately calculated.
Conclusions Sn-Ni intermetallic compounds have been prepared by a chemical reduction method.

Using experimental sample data, the relation of environmental factor and shelter factor and distance measurement error is studied quantitatively.
The unknown node S moves continuously, 200 groups of experimental data is collected finally.
Using the experimental data, “distance-loss” model adapting to the environmental scene is obtained through the data fitting method, and the fitting result is shown in figure 2.
Fig. 1 Experimental scene diagram Fig. 2 “Distance-Loss” model based on experiment data Experimental Factor n Affecting Analysis.
Using variable incremental method within this range, “distance-loss” model expression is constantly adjusted, and measurement distance between the unknown node S and anchor nodes Si is acquired. 20 group data is extracted from the experimental results as the final distance measurement sample data.

In order to validate the numerical methods and mesh generation, the experimental data were compared with the CFD results of the tested model without and with spike which has hemispherical nose and cylindrical body from literature [1].
Fig. 6 shows the comparison of the experimental data and CFD results of the lift(CL) and drag(CD) coefficients versus angles of attack(α) at M=1.89.
It is clear to see that the lift coefficient of the present CFD results are in fair agreement with the experimental data.
The drag coefficient of the present CFD results and the experimental data agree well (within 10%) indicating that the numerical methods are accurate enough to capture the main flow characteristics and the aerodynamic dispersions of different spikes.
(a) CL～α (b) CD～α Fig. 6 M=1.89，comparison between the experimental data and CFD results M=1.5 results.

In the present work, the orientation-dependent stored energy inside of the deformed IF steels was evaluated by dislocation structure reconstructed from EBSD data.
After reconstructing the subgrain structure from EBSD data, the subgrain size and misorientation can be determined.
In order to make a clear of subgrain structure, smoothing technique is necessary in the processing of EBSD data.
Subgrain identification angles : (a) 1° (b) 2° Recrystallization Simulation The orientation data measured using EBSD analysis and stored energy data evaluated by Eq. 1 were used as input data for a Monte Carlo simulation by mapping on square lattice.
Therefore, EBSD measurements for more wide area are required for obtaining more statistically representative data.

The result indicates that the reduction of viscosity by CO2 is an important factor on improving the oil recovery.
From the PVT data generated from the three Weyburn reservoir fluid-CO2 mixtures it was showed that viscosity reduction and oil swelling by CO2 contributed to oil recovery.
The statistic data indicate that the injection of CO2 can lower the viscosity by 10%-70%.
The reduction in viscosity is an important factor on improving the oil recovery.
Through regression analysis of the experimetal data above, the CO2 effective molar concentration is connected with not only C7+ molar mass and CO2 molar concentration, but also temperature and pressure.