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This type of modeling offers the possibility to study the behavior of single phases, single grains and load sharing between the phases in a multi-phase material.
Crystallographic directions are also randomly assigned to the grains since these are needed in the crystal plasticity model which represents the material behavior in a material point inside one grain.
Experimental and simulated results The experimental and simulated macro-scale cyclic stress response, which represents the changes in peak tensile stresses with the number of cycles, is shown in Fig. 1.

It can be found that the X70 pipeline steel mainly includes irregular mass and acicular ferrite and granular bainite, and there were large amounts of grain boundaries.
Sandblasting greatly increased the number of dislocations and grain boundaries on the surface.
When used HCl to etch the surface after sandblasting, the dislocations and grain boundaries were priority to dissolving.

The theory describes the relationship between plasma frequency and the number of carriers in material, corresponding to the wavelength of visible colors.
The fine-grain and compact structure grains support the good corrosion resistance.
The increasing of PN2 in sputtering process of TiN thin films enhances fine-grain and smooth surface.

Moreover, some attempts include decreasing grain size levels to obtain so called ultrafine-size microstructure, which further increases mechanical properties of steel products [2].
The stabilization of retained austenite is a complex phenomenon due to a number of factors influencing it.
The material factors are a chemical composition of the austenite, its morphology, the dislocation density and grain size [4,5].
Biermann, Ultrafine grained high-alloyed austenitic TRIP steel.

Mechanical properties are dependent on the apparent density and grain size of the sintered WC.
The use of nanometric powder is expected to decrease sintering temperature and grain growth of WC body.
This procedure has several advantages; the metallic binder (usually cobalt) improves the toughness as well as the sinterability in the liquid phase to fully dense material, but it has some disadvantages as well - it reduces the hardness and causes massive WC grain growth - limiting the utilization of this method of production [4].
The milling equipment was a shaker type SPEX 8000 Mixer/Mill, with a ball/material mass ratio of 4:1 using hardened steel vial and balls, with a fixed number of 5 balls 12 mm diameter.

Those 5 ecosystems interpreted with CBERS data of 2005 are rectified with large numbers of field spots which are selected at random, and ultimately the interpretation precision of all ecosystem areas is above 85%.
The economic value of natural annual grain output of 1hm2 cropland with annual output nationwide is defined as 1 in this table; the equivalent factor of other ecosystem ecological service value refers to the ratio of contribution by the ecosystem’s ecological service to that by cropland’s grain production service.
Table 1 Equivalent Factor Table of Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Service Value Content Forest Grassland Cropland Wetland Useless land A 3.5 0.8 0.5 0.9 0 B 2.7 0.9 0.89 8.78 0 C 3.2 0.8 0.6 17.94 0.03 D 3.9 1.95 1.46 0.86 0.02 E 1.31 1.31 1.64 18.18 0.01 F 3.26 1.09 0.71 2.495 0.34 G 0.1 0.3 1 0.2 0.01 H 2.6 0.05 0.1 0.04 0 I 1.28 0.04 0.01 4.945 0.01 A: Gas regulation B: Climatic regulation C: Water-source conservation D: Formation and protection of soil E: Waste disposal F: Biodiversity protection G: Grain production H: Raw material I: Amusement activities Result and Analysis The land use change of the lower reaches of Tarim River.

It also can be seen that there is a strong diffraction peak at 2q of about 20 degrees from the (001) plane compared to other planes for all the thin films which indicates that the grains in the films have a preferential orientation along (001) direction.
The average grain size calculated from XRD pattern using the Scherrer’s formula is 9.095 nm [12].
Small crystallites are grown on the surface of VO2 films and the grain is irregular in shape.
Beside these major energy levels, a number of less intense satellite peaks are also present.

Methods and Objects The objects of investigation were natural gas hydrates obtained in samples of fine-medium-grained sand with different salinity.
In fine-medium-grained sand, 55.58% of the total mass of the sample falls on a fraction of 0.4 - 0.315 mm.
The degree of water conversion into hydrate (Wh, %) was determined by the formula (4) [24]: (4) where n – hydrate number, for the natural gas hydrate n = 5.67.
Conclusion The possibility of the natural gas hydrates formation in fine-medium-grained sand saturated with 5, 10, 15 %wt. sodium chloride solutions is shown.

The aim of this research is to synthesize nanoparticles and to maintain the grain size in nanoscale by encapsulating process.
As the grain size decreases, a critical size will be reached and single-domain (SD) magnetic particles with typical dimensions of about 10 nm will be formed where the grain can no longer accommodate a wall.
The very small (almost zero) remnant magnetic polarization value is related to several things such as the nanosized particles, very small number of agglomerated particles and particles are more likely to remain in suspension.

Fig.1 Schematic of the high-temperature solid particle erosion apparatus Experimental Details The raw materials were 3YSZ (99.5wt% pure, grain size 1μm, Orient Zirconic Ind Sci & Tech Co., Ltd., China).
Table 1 Relative density and mechanical properties of 3YSZ ceramic Specimen Relative density (%) Fracture toughness, KIC (MPa·m1/2) Vickers hardness, HV (GPa) 3YSZ 98.8 10.3(1.72)* 12.8 (0.98) * The numbers in parentheses give the standard error for the value of the facture toughness and the Vickers hardness.
The kinetic energy of the impacting particle goes into grain boundary cracking and the subsequent grain fall out creates peeling off with sheets.