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Online since: September 2014
Authors: Ping Liu, Jin Liang Zhang
isolation gown micro pill after inspection.
2.1 Method
Take this product, according to release assay (in Chinese pharmacopeia 2010 edition of the appendix X D first method), the dissolution determination method is adopted for the first device, in sodium chloride solution of hydrochloric acid (1 mol · L 1 hydrochloric acid solution to adjust pH value to 1.5 + / - 0.05, add water to 1000 ml, shake) for the release of the medium, the speed of 100 r · min - 1, operating in accordance with the law and the scheduled time point respectively take 10 ml solution, filtration, and instantly to fill the same temperature of sodium chloride 10 ml of hydrochloric acid solution, take the filtrate, as spectrophotometric method, the determination at 268 nm wavelength absorbance; Precision according to decide, the other the right amount of reference substance, hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride solution is made (including 10 g · ml - 1 of the standard solution, with determination, calculate the each grain
This product each grain in 0.5, 2, 8 hours of cumulative release quantity should be respectively labeled amount of less than 30%, more than 30 ~ 70% and 80%, shall conform to the provisions of [5].
Similarity factor f = 50 x 2 lg [1/2 x (1 + Q/n) - 100] take (where n is the number of time points).
This product each grain in 0.5, 2, 8 hours of cumulative release quantity should be respectively labeled amount of less than 30%, more than 30 ~ 70% and 80%, shall conform to the provisions of [5].
Similarity factor f = 50 x 2 lg [1/2 x (1 + Q/n) - 100] take (where n is the number of time points).
Online since: September 2015
Authors: Josef Stráský, Jaroslav Cech, Tomas Tesar, Radek Musalek
Decrease in both evaluated mechanical properties with increasing load may be explained by the fact that the material was not fully sintered and contained numerous pores and possibly weak interfaces between grains of original powder (see Fig. 2-left).
Increase in the interaction volume and severity of the materials loading under indenter therefore increases number of microstructural defects deteriorating the effective stiffness and hardness of the tested material.
Micrograph obtained by light microscope and height map obtained by optical profilometer (see Fig. 5) revealed heterogeneous character of deformation of material under indent which again followed relatively weaker interfaces between original grains of compacted powder (Fig. 5-center and right).
Increase in the interaction volume and severity of the materials loading under indenter therefore increases number of microstructural defects deteriorating the effective stiffness and hardness of the tested material.
Micrograph obtained by light microscope and height map obtained by optical profilometer (see Fig. 5) revealed heterogeneous character of deformation of material under indent which again followed relatively weaker interfaces between original grains of compacted powder (Fig. 5-center and right).
Online since: June 2013
Authors: Anton Panchenko, Sergey Gromilov, Tatyana Dyachkova, Yuriy Zaynulin
The principle of this method is to get two diffraction patterns on symmetrical detector positions, resulting in a large diffraction picture and lowering the number of random errors.
The compositions of 3-5 grains were measured, and it turned out that all particles had the same composition.
For example, a metal ratio measured on Ir0,65Re0,35 grains was equal to 61/39, on average.
The compositions of 3-5 grains were measured, and it turned out that all particles had the same composition.
For example, a metal ratio measured on Ir0,65Re0,35 grains was equal to 61/39, on average.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Wei Yu Ho, Woei Yun Ho, Ching Hui Hsieh, Chia Hang Tsai, Chien Liang Lin, Cheng Hsun Hsu
It means disorder sp3-bonded carbon can be induced by substitutional nitrogen atom and other impurities at grain boundaries or imperfections [7].
The shift in G peak position and the increase in ID/IG ratio from 0.7 to 1.46 indicate graphitization of the diamond-like carbon films, due to an increase in the grain size and number of graphitic domains [12].
The shift in G peak position and the increase in ID/IG ratio from 0.7 to 1.46 indicate graphitization of the diamond-like carbon films, due to an increase in the grain size and number of graphitic domains [12].
Online since: July 2016
Authors: Emilia Florina Binchiciu, Traian Fleser, Tanasache Daniel Tihanov, Ionelia Voiculescu, Andra Dragomir
Sawing rods Ag140 Φ2x2mm
Sawing rods
Ag156 Φ2x2mm
Dosing deoxidiser flux FH10 EN1045/1999
Dosing metallic grains mixture
Dry homogenization
Dry homogenization
Dosing binder
Wet homogenization
Pressing pastilles
Drying
Characterization
Fig.2.
Micrographic analysis of the joining surface in cross section a) Passing zone of the knife-support DM 100X b) DM-BM reinforced 100X Figure 7 presents the penetration through the capillarity of brazing material, in the gap of the joint and finishing of the grain structure of the returning base metal in the vicinity of the filler material, a phenomenon that can be explained by the overlapping effect of thermal cycles produced at brazing with the thermal treatments of returning for supports, in semi fabricated condition [7].
Acknowledgements The research work was financially supported by the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI– UEFISCDI, and High performance materials and technologies fated for the realization of the knifes of mill for asphalt – MATFREZ, project number PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2 – 0918.
Micrographic analysis of the joining surface in cross section a) Passing zone of the knife-support DM 100X b) DM-BM reinforced 100X Figure 7 presents the penetration through the capillarity of brazing material, in the gap of the joint and finishing of the grain structure of the returning base metal in the vicinity of the filler material, a phenomenon that can be explained by the overlapping effect of thermal cycles produced at brazing with the thermal treatments of returning for supports, in semi fabricated condition [7].
Acknowledgements The research work was financially supported by the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI– UEFISCDI, and High performance materials and technologies fated for the realization of the knifes of mill for asphalt – MATFREZ, project number PN-II-PT-PCCA-2011-3.2 – 0918.
Online since: October 2004
Authors: Zbigniew L. Kowalewski
It is well known
that the problem is particularly important during fabrication or assembly processes, where a number
of materials used in critical elements of engineering structures may receive such cold work, and as a
consequence, it may change significantly their lifetime.
One of the possible reasons of such difference is presumably connected with an influence of grain size variation on the creep process.
The process of grain size growing during creep of copper at 573 K temperature was much more advanced than that at 523 K observed, since the higher creep testing temperature was significantly closer to the recrystallization temperature of copper.
It has been found from previous creep investigations that in comparison to fine-grained copper the coarse-grained one exhibits lower values of the minimum creep rate and longer lifetimes at the same stress level [4].
One of the possible reasons of such difference is presumably connected with an influence of grain size variation on the creep process.
The process of grain size growing during creep of copper at 573 K temperature was much more advanced than that at 523 K observed, since the higher creep testing temperature was significantly closer to the recrystallization temperature of copper.
It has been found from previous creep investigations that in comparison to fine-grained copper the coarse-grained one exhibits lower values of the minimum creep rate and longer lifetimes at the same stress level [4].
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Peng Min Dong, Zheng Rong Guan
σ phase is a topology of coordination number of 15 close packed structure.
In austenitic alloys, due to nitride precipitation at grain boundaries, grain boundaries can improve high temperature strength, while effectively improving the creep resistance of the alloy, the nitrogen content should be controlled in the range of 0.20% to 0.35% within.
Rare earth (Re): rare earth alloy is to improve high temperature strength of heat resistant steel has a certain universality, in the steel adding an appropriate amount of metal Ce or La not only can reduce the grain boundary impurities, purify the grain boundary, Refine organization, makes the alloy oxide film morphology can be improved, can significantly improve the chrome-nickel steel and chrome-nickel austenitic steel type N lasting strength, reduce the heat-resistant steel in the creep rate, improve and enhance the Fe-Cr-Ni type alloy thermoplastic, high temperature creep resistance and fracture toughness, and rare earth elements can also play the role of degasification, significantly improve the alloy oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. content of rare earth should be Controlled at 0.2% ~ 0.35%. 4 Magnesium reduction Jar Casting Process components 1 (cylinder parts)of Magnesium reduction Jar is Formed by centrifugal casting process, choosing Four tug-type a horizontal
In austenitic alloys, due to nitride precipitation at grain boundaries, grain boundaries can improve high temperature strength, while effectively improving the creep resistance of the alloy, the nitrogen content should be controlled in the range of 0.20% to 0.35% within.
Rare earth (Re): rare earth alloy is to improve high temperature strength of heat resistant steel has a certain universality, in the steel adding an appropriate amount of metal Ce or La not only can reduce the grain boundary impurities, purify the grain boundary, Refine organization, makes the alloy oxide film morphology can be improved, can significantly improve the chrome-nickel steel and chrome-nickel austenitic steel type N lasting strength, reduce the heat-resistant steel in the creep rate, improve and enhance the Fe-Cr-Ni type alloy thermoplastic, high temperature creep resistance and fracture toughness, and rare earth elements can also play the role of degasification, significantly improve the alloy oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. content of rare earth should be Controlled at 0.2% ~ 0.35%. 4 Magnesium reduction Jar Casting Process components 1 (cylinder parts)of Magnesium reduction Jar is Formed by centrifugal casting process, choosing Four tug-type a horizontal
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Yong Hua Rong, Ke Zhang, Jia Wei Dai, Hai Liang Yu
The grain size of original austenite needs to be fine in order to improve both the strength and toughness of the steel.
Carbides forming elements, Nb and Mo, lead to the formation of carbides promoting disperse hardening and grain refining strengthening.
In order to achieve the required microstructure and high level of both strength and toughness, Hsu proposed a novel Q–P–T heat treatment process, which is a modified Q&P process proposed by Speer et al. in 2003 [4]: austenitisation at a temperature slightly above Ac3 for obtaining fine grain austenite followed by quenching, partitioning and tempering.
The carbides shown in Fig. 5 appear in spherical shape with the average grain size of 20.5 nm, and are identified as Fe3C by the SAED pattern (Fig. 8c).
For the possibility of retained austenite as the dislocation absorbing sink, two reasons are considered: the soft phase of retained austenite of fcc structure has plenty of slip systems and high work hardening rate, and thus can form and contain a large number of dislocations; retained austenite and martensite usually bear the Kurdjurmov–Sachs (K–S) or/and Nishiyama–Wasserman (N–W) orientation relationship and have coherent (or semicoherent) interface between them, which effectively reduces the resistant force of dislocation movement from martensite to nearby retained austenite.
Carbides forming elements, Nb and Mo, lead to the formation of carbides promoting disperse hardening and grain refining strengthening.
In order to achieve the required microstructure and high level of both strength and toughness, Hsu proposed a novel Q–P–T heat treatment process, which is a modified Q&P process proposed by Speer et al. in 2003 [4]: austenitisation at a temperature slightly above Ac3 for obtaining fine grain austenite followed by quenching, partitioning and tempering.
The carbides shown in Fig. 5 appear in spherical shape with the average grain size of 20.5 nm, and are identified as Fe3C by the SAED pattern (Fig. 8c).
For the possibility of retained austenite as the dislocation absorbing sink, two reasons are considered: the soft phase of retained austenite of fcc structure has plenty of slip systems and high work hardening rate, and thus can form and contain a large number of dislocations; retained austenite and martensite usually bear the Kurdjurmov–Sachs (K–S) or/and Nishiyama–Wasserman (N–W) orientation relationship and have coherent (or semicoherent) interface between them, which effectively reduces the resistant force of dislocation movement from martensite to nearby retained austenite.
Online since: April 2005
Authors: Hans Jürgen Grabke, Eungyeul Park, Boris Hüning, Michael Spiegel
The
average grain size of the polished samples, measured by EBSD was 350(±50)µm.
In the experimental condition, the following assumptions can be considered: i) the profiles of temperature and time during the annealing are equivalent to all the experiments, ii) temperature is the predominant factor for the bulk diffusivity, Db, of an element, iii) there are a number of fast diffusion paths in the analyzed depth, especially, near-surface up to 10 nm from the top surface and iv) the recession of the metal/oxide interface is neglected.
Based on Whipple's model of grain boundary diffusion, the contribution of fast diffusion paths can be evaluated from [7,20-22], 3/5 5/6 3/5 5/6 2/1 )/ln( ))(ln( 322.1 − − ∂ ∂ −∝ ∂ −∂ − ×== z FeCr z czc t D DsP b b gbδ (1) (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 3.
(a) (b) Polished N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × × Polished N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × × N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × 5 where, P = sδDgb is the triple product of the segregation factor, s, the width of the fast diffusion paths δ and the coefficient for fast diffusion Dgb, i.e. grain boundaries, sub-boundaries and dislocations etc.
Hydrogen in the experimental condition plays the following roles on the surface: i) decarburization under dissolution of Cr-carbides, especially of grain boundaries and ii) reduction of Fe oxides.
In the experimental condition, the following assumptions can be considered: i) the profiles of temperature and time during the annealing are equivalent to all the experiments, ii) temperature is the predominant factor for the bulk diffusivity, Db, of an element, iii) there are a number of fast diffusion paths in the analyzed depth, especially, near-surface up to 10 nm from the top surface and iv) the recession of the metal/oxide interface is neglected.
Based on Whipple's model of grain boundary diffusion, the contribution of fast diffusion paths can be evaluated from [7,20-22], 3/5 5/6 3/5 5/6 2/1 )/ln( ))(ln( 322.1 − − ∂ ∂ −∝ ∂ −∂ − ×== z FeCr z czc t D DsP b b gbδ (1) (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 3.
(a) (b) Polished N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × × Polished N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × × N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × N2 N2-1%H2 N2-5%H2 N2-10%H2 × 5 where, P = sδDgb is the triple product of the segregation factor, s, the width of the fast diffusion paths δ and the coefficient for fast diffusion Dgb, i.e. grain boundaries, sub-boundaries and dislocations etc.
Hydrogen in the experimental condition plays the following roles on the surface: i) decarburization under dissolution of Cr-carbides, especially of grain boundaries and ii) reduction of Fe oxides.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Marian Peciar, Peter Peciar, Roman Fekete
A paste is a two or three phase system of which the important properties are the following:
· compressibility of the skeleton created by grains of a particulate material described by some of the models of compressibility,
· surface tension and wetting of the particle surfaces that is the autonomous scope,
· pore skeleton resistance that inhibits liquid motion in the direction of the pressure gradient.
The base is a solid phase created by grains of the material in contact with each other.
Considering these conditions, the state equation has the general form: ρ=fP (4) As the skeleton of the paste consists of the grains, among which are the voids, the gas and liquid can freely flow inside these voids according to their compression under the extrusion pressure.
This phenomenon can be eliminated in a number of ways.
These factors cause the pressing of the skeleton created by the grains of powder, a decreasing of the volume of the voids and the migration of the liquid, whose meaning for the rheological properties of the paste is essential.
The base is a solid phase created by grains of the material in contact with each other.
Considering these conditions, the state equation has the general form: ρ=fP (4) As the skeleton of the paste consists of the grains, among which are the voids, the gas and liquid can freely flow inside these voids according to their compression under the extrusion pressure.
This phenomenon can be eliminated in a number of ways.
These factors cause the pressing of the skeleton created by the grains of powder, a decreasing of the volume of the voids and the migration of the liquid, whose meaning for the rheological properties of the paste is essential.