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Chiang Mai University (Department of Industrial Chemistry at Faculty of Science), Assist.
Wondraczek, Structure and properties of alkali and silver sulfophosphate glasses, J.
Pual, Chemistry of Glasses, second ed., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1990
Shelby, Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2005

Self-optimization: That method is a mimic-driven type that employed a specific mathematical rules and structured algorithms to identify the optimal operational configuration.
Petroleum Chemistry, 2024. 64(1): p. 62-74
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1976. 15(1): p. 59-64
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014. 53(21): p. 8810-8820

However, the present understanding of creep mechanisms, and in particular the effect of chemistry and microstructure, has limited the development of such models.
This model predicts lower creep rates and higher stress exponents for FL structures than for equiaxed structures.
Lamellar structures have lower creep rates than equiaxed structures, because the jogs are driven by an effective stress rather than the applied stress.
It is possible that minor changes in alloy chemistry can affect the dislocation core significantly.
It will be interesting to see if the jogged-screw mechanism and therefore the creep response can be affected significantly by suitably controlling alloy chemistry.

Determination of Local Mechanical Properties of Si3N4 Based Foams Zuzana Vilčeková1, a *, Monika Kašiarová1,b, Magdaléna Domanická2,c, Miroslav Hnatko2,d and Pavol Šajgalík2,e 1Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, Košice, Slovakia 2Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia azvilcekova@imr.saske.sk, bmkasiarova@imr.saske.sk, cmagdalena.domanicka@savba.sk, duachmiho@savba.sk euachsajg@savba.sk Keywords: mechanical properties, foams, silicon nitride, hardness, Young’s modulus Abstract.
Silicon nitride foams were prepared using polyurethane foam replication method to obtain appropriate cellular structure suitable for bio-application.
The effects of the structures, temperature of calcination, volume fraction of Si3N4 powder and number of the infiltrations on the local mechanical properties were investigated.
Ceramic foams which are being used as biomaterials usually require an open-cell structure.

The fabricated scaffolds had an interconnected porous structure with a pore size of 200-400 µm and porosity in a range of 93-95%.
HA is widely used for bone regeneration because it has an apatite structure similar to human bone.
Chitosan’s structure is similar to glycosaminoglycan, a component of the extracellular matrix of human bone and cartilage.
Chitosan is potentially useful in tissue engineering because it is hypoallergenic, biodegradable, antimicrobial and can be cast into porous structure [8].
Scaffold Fabrication The porous structure was fabricated by freeze-drying.

Composite material represents a complex multi-material structure consisting of coincidence array and reinforcing agent.
In this case, the spatial uninterrupted structures responsible for the substantive change in the characteristics of the produced material can be formed.
Chemistry 1987
Mechanics of composite materials and structures. 9 (4) (2012) 579-592
Mechanics of composite materials and structures. 10 (4) (2004) 499-516

In addition, two-dimensional and three- dimensional finite element analyses were carried out to check the applicability to three dimensional real structures.
In order to verify the applicability to real structures, additional three-dimensional finite element analyses were performed.
Therefore, the fitting constants calibrated by two-dimensional FE models can be used for three-dimensional real structure evaluation.
Moody: Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids Vol. 48 (1987), pp. 1035-1074 [9] J.F.
Brocks: Fatigue and Fracture Engineering Materials and Structures Vol. 25 (2002), pp. 363-384

The results show that the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass increases sharply with the increase of alkali-metal oxide content and when K +, Na + and Li+ exist simultaneously in the structure of the glass, the complex "mixed alkali effect" can be observed from the composition-thermal expansion coefficient curve.
The thermal expansion coefficient of glass mainly depends on the chemistry composition of it.
It can be observed from the curve that the thermal expansion coefficient decreased with increasing the content of SiO2, which is mainly attributed to the enhancing of [SiO4] connection degree and the structure of the glass became more tightly by increasing the amount of bridge-oxygen number in glass structure.
The reason is that the increasing of the alkali metal oxides amount introduces more free-oxygen ions, damages the three dimension network structure and results in the increasing of the thermal expansion coefficient of the glasses. [3,5-9] Effect of mixed alkali effect on thermal expansion coefficient.
The possible reason is the ability of extricating free oxygen was weakened when there are a few alkaline earth metal oxides existing together, which results in a little damage effect to the network structure of the glasses [11-15].

This crop morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), which showed a condensed composition of fiber structure.
This leaf has a ribbon-like structure and cemented together by lignin, pentosan-like materials, where it contributes to the strength of fiber [7].
Leaves of pineapple had been used as coarse textiles because of the fiber composition and structure inside the leaves [3].
The condensed fiber is significance to the structure of the paper produced from the non wood material [24, 18].
Stenius: Forest Products Chemistry Papermaking Science and Technology3 Finland: Fapet Oy ISBN 952-521-03-9. 29 (2005)

This study focused on dilute HF mixtures, which in general, showed overall better compatibility with metal gates than strong oxidizing chemistries and are widely used for residual high-k removal, post-etch residue removal and oxide hardmask (HM) wet etching after dry etching of the metal gate stack.
No corrosion is apparent in the SEM cross section for the poly-Si/TiN structures (Figure 1a), compared to the structures with a large TiN and Mo surface as shown in Figures 1(b) and (c).
Figure 3 shows the impact of poly-Si/metal loss at the side of the gate structures to gate current density at the overdrive gate voltage (Vgate=Vth+1V).
On the other hand in order to investigate the impact of side loss on the gate structure, the HM was removed after poly-Si gate patterning stopping on the TiN resulting in an unfavorable anode/cathode area ratio without any protective materials at the side of the gate structure, as shown in Fig. 4 (a).
TiN in the interior of the gate structure was then etched when TiN dry patterning was conducted for the next process.