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The formation of white layers affects the surface properties of the material.
The chemical composition, thermal and mechanical properties of AISI D2 steel was listed in reference[5].
With the assumption that the depth of cut is much smaller than the radius of the wheel (ap <factors including n, tg and vw are studied by using single factor analysis method during grinding process.
The factor of undeformed chip thickness is related to workpiece with speed vw, so the factor of tg are set by adjusting the speed of vw.
The factor of undeformed chip thickness tg was related to workpiece speed vw.

The mechanical properties of the material are given in table 2 below.
Mechanical Properties of AISI50100 Steel.
A method of indirect measurement of crack length is developed and described as well as the mathematical formulation necessary to calculate the stress intensity factors from the CMOD.
In the future, we intend to explore further, the effect of welding on the crack propagation properties as well as the effects on crack closure, fractography, effect of heat treatment and threshold fatigue.
Suzuki and Y, Maeda: Unique fatigue threshold and growth properties of welded joints in a tensile residual stress field, Int.

It is evident that heat developed during the machining operations affects the cutting tool’s performance and surface integrity of machined components as well.
Experiment Setup For this experimental work, AISI D3 tool steel work material of diameter 55 mm and length 220 mm that having the chemical composition as shown in Table 1 was selected because of its wide applications and possessing better technical properties.
By using these process controls factors, it was intended to measure the tool-chip interface temperature as shown in Table 3.
Each experiment was conducted thrice and their average values are tabulated in Table 4 so as to improve the accuracy of experimental data that facilities to arrive at an important decisions over machining process and control factors.
Conclusion Through this hard turning experimental investigation of AISI D3 tool steel in dry condition, the following inferences have been arrived within the range of process control factors employed: 1.

A system to measure loads affecting the aircraft structure.
Computations of structure’s life Fig. 6 presents the exemplary curves for some selected loads affecting the structure of the PZL-130 TC-II Orlik aircraft during static and accelerated stalls, and spins.
Curves representing selected loads that affect the structure of the PZL-130 TC-II Orlik A system to monitor condition of the pilot’s cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The assessment of loads affecting the pilot during a flight and determination of the pilot’s resistance to flight-induced stress are factors of extreme importance throughout the pilot’s training programme.
FAR, JAR); – the assessment of the correctness of the applied structural solutions, functional qualities, maintainability, reliability, and safety throughout the whole operational phase; – the versatile assessment of handling qualities and operational properties; – the assessment of the correctness of operation of the newly built-in devices and systems; – pattern confirmation for the needs of both the modernisation of already existing aircraft and the lot production of newly manufactured aircraft.

Introduction The very different quenching rates used in the production of ribbon and bulk metallic glasses, respectively, infer distinctly different amounts of free volume [1 - 3] and/or of local internal stresses [3 - 5], which are commonly expected to show up in different kinetics of structural relaxation (SR) affecting several physical quantities like viscosity, diffusivity, electrical resistivity, magnetic properties, or elastic modulus and damping.
The reversible SR can be recognized in the mechanical loss curves measured after completion of the irreversible SR, e.g. in the cooling runs; reversible SRs produce nearly exponential increase of the mechanical loss at more elevated temperatures.
The Pd alloy shows a continuous increase and amplitude dependence of the mechanical loss with increasing εpl up to 20 % (not shown also).
Examples for the effect of plastic deformation by cold rolling on the mechanical loss in the Zr-based bulk alloy.
The reversible SR follows the KWW kinetics with a stretching factor β ≈ 0.31, indicating a hierarchical nature of relaxation processes.

The quality of the blanking product is affected not only by the mechanical properties but also by the ductile fracture process in shearing band between the punch and the die.
The Table 1 and Table 2 show the blanking conditions and material properties used in the analysis.
Material properties Experiment Simulation Blanking speed,(mm/min) 1 1 Blank holding force,(kN) 4.0 4.0 Diameter of die,(mm) 30.0 30.0 Diameter of punch, 29.4(0.10t) 29.4(0.10t) ,(mm) (clearance) 29.7(0.05t) 29.7(0.05t) Punch and die edge radii,(mm) — 0.064 Coefficient of friction, μ — 0.2 Sheet thickness, t(mm) 3 3 Young’s modulus(GPa) 210 Yield strength(MPa) 218 Ultimate tensile strength(MPa) 495 Strength coefficient, F(MPa) 831 Work hardening exponent, n 0.215 Poisson's ratio, ν 0.29 Fig. 2 Model of FE mesh.
These factors show that the reduction in mean flow stress results from the separation of the die from the sheet, and have positive effect on the quality of edge profile.
Hambli : International journal of Mechanical Sciences, 44(2002), pp.2089

Shot peening mechanical treatment surface, commonly used to improve material surface mechanical properties, as fatigue and wear resistance increase, induces deformations in the material crystal lattice, characterized by the presence of stress.
Surface residual stress induction after shot peening and plasma nitriding treatments can be efficient methods to improve material mechanical properties.
Surface engineering techniques are widely used to modify the surface properties of materials through thermal, mechanical, and chemical treatments.
According to Riazi et al. [24] the final residual stress can be given by the contribution of two factors acting in different directions.
Thus, tests are necessary to verify the effects on mechanical properties, chemical composition, roughness, and hardness of the formed layer.

This paper presents analysis of the influence of the laser hardening bearing 100CrMnSi6-4 steel on the selected properties: hardness and microstructure.
These properties includes mainly surface shaping (individual or total) [1-3]: - topography (stereometry) of the surface by decreasing or increasing the surface roughness and sculpturing, - physical properties, leading to increase of the hardness, strengthening or attributing additional, specific properties, improving tribological and fatigue properties, - chemical properties, mainly resistance towards corrosion, but also catalytic or sorption properties and many others.
In the heat affected zone martensitic-bainitic and bainitic microstructures with microhardness of about 500 HV0.1 were found.
The improvement of the friction wear resistance properties of the 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel is noticed, hence the results are very promising.
Napadłek, Influence of the laser hardening on the selected properties of steel.

Ramulu2 Department of Mechanical engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 1email: ede5@uw.edu, 2email: ramulum@uw.edu Keywords: Drilling, CFRP, Quality, Machining, Composites, Surface Ply, Multi directional Abstract.
The inhomogeneous and anisotropic property of FRP composites and the abrasive nature of fibers create process-induced damages and defects on the hole surface.
Schematic representation of hole sectioning (left) and delamination factor measurement.
At the lower cutting speed, the exit delamination factor from the fiberglass scrim surface ply is 16% higher than the delamination factor from woven fabric surface ply, whereas, for the higher level of cutting speed, the exit delamination factor measured from a hole with fiberglass scrim surface ply is around 12% higher than that of with woven fabric surface ply.
Machaly, “Factors Affecting the Machinability of GFRP/Epoxy Composites”, Composite Structures, Vol. 63, 2004, pp. 329-338

Besides, titanium alloy has good welding, thermal and cold formability, and mechanical working property.
The mechanical properties including tensile, fracture toughness and hardness of the alloy were tested.
Fig. 1 Original microstructure of TB17 alloy used in this investigation Results and Discussion Mechanical Properties.
Table 1 Mechanical properties of TB17 alloy σb[MPa] σp0.2[MPa] δ5[%] Ψ[%] KIC[MPa·m1/2] HBW 1378 1289 8 21.7 31 393 Macroscopic Damage Characteristics.
The previous research [20] showed that the influential factors for the formation and expansion of adiabatic shear band included loading stress and microstructure such as phase size, phase content et al.