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One-dimensional QSE (when film thickness decreased) and three-dimensional QSE (when due to a high hydrogen-silane dilution the nano-crystalline structure of the films appeared) were observed.
Developments in modern technology over the past two decades have allowed researchers to fabricate ultra-small semiconductor structures such as confined nano-dimensional quantum dots (QDs), which are called quantum nanostructures.
As the structure of a thin film is manifested in optical properties, the optical characterization is a valuable tool to complete the knowledge about structure collected by X-ray diffraction or Raman spectroscopy.
Shift of the Raman peaks due to the different structure of the films.
Sun, Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 55, 1 (2007), [2] S.

Among these methods, ECM is regarded as an efficient and reliable method, especially for nano-structures with large scale.
It is however found that none of them addressed both the surface effect of atomistic structures and the effect of the in-layer vdW interactions on the mechanical properties of CNTs.
J., 1997, "Molecular Mechanics across chemistry," University Science Books
W., 2003a, "A structural mechanics approach for the analysis of carbon nanotubes," International Journal of Solid and Structures, Vol. 40, pp. 2487-2499
W., 2005, "An analytical molecular structural mechanics model for the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes," International Journal of Solid and Structures, Vol.42, pp. 3075-3092

Yeung 2,b 1Microstructural Analysis Unit, 2Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O.
Hardness of the coatings increases due to the development of a refined and densified coating structure.
A comparison of the coating structure of (Ti,Al)N at 0.4 and 2.4 mTorr nitrogen pressure is shown in Fig. 1, and a schematic diagram showing the development of the coating structure is present in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2: A schematic diagram of two dimensional structure zone model showing the effect of nitrogen pressure on the microstructure and morphology of (Ti,Al)N coatings [8].
With defined discharge conditions and sputter characteristics of the target materials, the values of md for different coatings can be calculated and the grain size of the coating structure at different nitrogen deposition pressures can be determined. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 (Ti,V)N (Cr,Al)N (Ti,Al)N (Grain Size) -0.5 (nm) -0.5 (Nitrogen Pressure)-0.5 (mTorr)-0.5 Fig. 5: Comparison between experimental data and theoretical prediction of grain size of ternary nitride coatings with nitrogen deposition pressure (WD: 65 mm, substrate temperature: 240 o C).

Biocomposites Based on Agar and Cellulose Nanofibers Prepared from Carrot Slag Yeng-Fong Shih1,a, Wei-Sheng Su2,b,* 1,2,3Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, No. 168, Jifeng E.
The transmittance, mechanical properties and chemical structure of the composite film containing different CNF content (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 phr based on agar) were studied.
The effects of addition of nanofibers on the structure of agar in the bionanocomposite can be observed using an FT-IR spectroscopy.
The hydroxyl group of agar and the carboxyl group of CNF form stronger hydrogen bonds, thus forming a dense molecular structure in the bionanocomposite film.
The FT-IR spectrum shows that CNF and agar matrix have good interface bonding, and the generation of hydrogen bonds leads to a tighter structure and better intramolecular interaction.

To improve fracture strength and fracture toughness in ceramic materials, we focused our attention on an intra-type structure of nanocomposites.
To improve mechanical properties of ceramic materials, a large number of research results were reported such as fiber reinforced composites [1] and laminated structures[2].
But fabrication of intra-type nano-structure is very difficult because the dispersed particles segregate to grain-boundaries of matrix materials.
In this work, commercially available γ- Al2O3 powder (AKP-G015, Sumitomo Chemical, Japan) was used as a matrix and nickel(Ni) nitrate (Osaka Chemistry, Japan, 99.9% purity) as a source of Ni particles dispersed in the matrix.
Finally, we obtained an intra-type nano-structure of α-Al2O3/Ni composites.

To analyze the structure of the coatings, XRD analysis was carried out.
In this study, as plated and heat treated duplex Ni-P/Ni-B coatings are investigated according structure, surface morphology, hardness, tribological properties and wear resistance.
The structure of the as-plated coating is amorphous.
To analyze the structure of the coatings, XRD analysis was carried out.
Seshadri, Materials Chemistry and Physics 82 (2003) 771–779

The crystal structure of Ni2SnP is identified as orthorhombic with the space group Pnma.
Although the formation of Ni-P and/or Ni-Sn-P intermetallics is well evident, the exact crystallographic structures of these phases still remain unidentified in these studies.
The pattern was found in good agreement with the simulated zone-axis [221]* pattern based on the orthorhombic structure of Ni2SnP (Pnma, a=12.8260Å, b=3.5943Å, c=5.0896Å) [9] as shown in Figure 3b and c.
Fig. 3. a) On-zone electron diffraction (ED) pattern obtained from the P-Ni-rich region as indicated in Figure 2, b) Simulated ED pattern along the [221]* zone-axis of the orthorhombic Ni2SnP, c) Unit cell structure of the Ni2SnP [9].
Furuseth: Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol.166 (2002) p.352-361

Effects of Ni electroless plating on electrochemical properties of Mg2Ni hydrogen storage alloys Yougen Tang1 , Yijun Xu1 , Zhuguang Lu1 , Boyun Huang 2 1 Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School of Central South University, Changsha, 410083,China 2 Powder Metallurgy Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410083, China Keywords: Mg2Ni hydrogen storage alloys�Ni chemical coating�cyclic voltammogram� electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Abstract.
X-ray diffraction ( XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to examine the crystal structure and surface morphologies of the as-obtained bare and Ni-coated Mg2Ni alloys and their electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammogram (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Structure and phase identifications of the alloy powders were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu Ka radiation.
Phase structure and surface morphology.

Waste coal preparation plants can be used in the building materials production (ceramics, cements, concrete aggregates), in the hydraulic structures construction, as well as with the purpose of improving the soil fertility in agriculture.
Currently, the disposal of these wastes is carried out in the following directions [6 - 10]: - valuable products extraction for other industries, including chemical; - extraction and use of the waste combustible part; - building materials production use, including ceramics, cement, concrete aggregates; - the roads and hydraulic structures construction use; - use to improve the fertility of a certain type of soil in agriculture.
Coal preparation waste is widely used, including heat treated for the construction of various hydraulic structures.
Karandashova, Synthesis of a foamglass with use of slags and glyceric blowing mix, The physics and chemistry of glass.

The tetragonal ThMn12 structure does not exist for the binary rare-earth iron systems.
The structure must be stabilized by substitution of Fe with a small amount of d transition metals (M=Ti, V, Mo, W, etc.) or some p elements (M=Al, Si or Ga).
In the ThMn12 type structure of R(FeM)12 compounds R atoms occupies the 2a sites and Fe atoms 8f, 8i and 8j sites.
Resuming these data, the XRD analysis reveals that all RFe11-xCoxTiCy (R=Pr or Y) compounds, before (y=0) and after carbonation (y≈1), show the tetragonal ThMn12-type structure, but the structure parameters (a, c) and the cell volume (V0) depend of composition.
Eyring (Eds.), Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 24, Elsevier, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1997 [10] J.J.M.