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Special interest is the use for this purpose of boron nitride, which is due to the similarity of a number of properties, the electronic analogue of carbon [23].
Prolonged frictional loading leads to a progressive loosening of the metal's surface layer, associated with an increase in the number of foci of destruction [26].
Grinding of the block microstructure leads to an increase the limit of macroscopic elasticity and resistance to fatigue failure by reducing grain-boundary cracking [28].
Allocation of particles, apparently, carbides and δ-ferrite, is observed along the grain boundaries.
The deposited metal of the coating with borides has a complex composition structure with a martensitic matrix, a large number of eutectics, and particles of reinforcing phases.

Inclusions of phosphides: a) acting as nuclei for graphite (nodule 2.1-8); b) in the grain boundary without any graphite associated (sample 6.3) Figure 7.
In irons with low percentage of Ti, no Ti(CN) were detected and the number of complex (MgSiAl)N was significant.
As the percentage of Ti increases, the number of Ti carbonitrides is enhanced, and the number of complex nitrides decreases, up to a maximum of 0.036% Ti in the iron, where no (MgSiAl)N were found as nuclei.
Both complex nitrides and carbonitrides seemed to restrict the growth of the sulfides increasing the number of nodules.
Ce formed silicates or sulfides, but not in significant numbers.

MR: Mean Rank, N: Number of samples, RS: Rank Sum.
The SEM images of Fig. 1 suggest that the microstructure of the produced samples sintered at 1300oC is very dense and the grains are well formed.
Moreover, the grain boundaries suggest equilibrium regime because the dihedral angles formed are 120o.
The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the produced samples sintered at 1000oC (Fig. 2) consist mainly of HA (ASTM card number 01-089-6438) and some secondary phases of calcium phosphate hydrate phases (ASTM card number 00-050-0582).
When the sintering temperatures increases to 1300°C, the X-ray diffraction analysis (Fig. 3) showed that the produced samples consist of HA (ASTM card number 01-084-1998), some secondary phases of whitlockite (TCP, ASTM card number 00-055-0898) and calcium phosphate oxide (ASTM card number 01-070-1379).

Introduction A large number of modern electronic device applications are based on hierarchical micrometer- and nanometer-sized building blocks.
Hence, B represents a mean grain size.
This defines the location of the vertices of a number of triangles.
Only by this way one can reduce finite pixel number effects and to minimize the arising from finite pixel numbers spectral leakage [16].
According to eq. (1), the PSD runs (with some fluctuations) parallel to the k axis at small wave-numbers.

A large number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of alternating strain on the fatigue life of Ti-Ni superelastic alloys [2-5], but only a few focused on the impact of the mean strain [6-10].
The evolution of the dissipated energy as a function of the number of superelastic cycles is plotted in Figure 4 for different levels of mean and alternating strains.
max min min max loading unloading Dissipated Energy (1) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7102 103 104 105 Number of cycles, Nf Dissipated energy at 200 th cycle, MJ/m3 ea = 0.3 ea < 0.075 ea = 0.10 ea = 0.15 ea = 0.225 = 0.2ea em = 0.5 Mean strain Arrow - increase in mean strain 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 Strain, e Stress, MPA 1st cycle 200th cycle Hysteretic Area em=0.3; eA =0.15 Figure 4: Relationship between dissipated energy measured at the 200th cycle, alternating strain ( a), mean strain ( m) and the number of cycles to failure.
However, contrary to a certain number of previous studies [6-10], it was found that, notwithstanding alternating strain amplitude, no fatigue life improvement associated with an increase in mean strain is observed in the framework of this study.
In respect to the internal factors, note that the diameter of the filaments tested in this study (100µm) is close to the alloy grain size (10-20µm), which could change the fatigue crack propagation mechanisms.

Introduction Explicit model is the relationship between accumulated strain of soil, cumulative pore pressure and main influence factors, which was established based on the experiment or observation data, and it's research was based on the index model which was proposed by Monismith[1], it has mainly considered the exponential relationship between strain and the number of cycles, and model parameter contains many influence factors.
In order to study the influence that principal stress axis cyclic rotation on cumulative pore pressure under constant generalized shear stress in the condition of isotropic consolidation, have proceeded a test that is shown in Tab.1.In order to study the influence that cyclic variation of both principal stress angle and generalized shear stress on cumulative pore pressure, have processed cyclic torsional shear test under anisotropic consolidation, specific test project is shown in Tab.1,the loading frequency is 100HZ,the cyclic number is 1000 times.
It is obtained by the fitting of the first cycle cumulative pore pressure ratio and confining pressure normalized value and modified dynamic deviator stress level; has reflected the effect of confining pressure on first cycle cumulative pore pressure, it obtained by taking average of the value by index fitting confining pressure and the first cumulative pore pressure under the cyclic loading of different confining pressure and the modified dynamic stress ratio; has reflected the effect of the number of cycles on cumulative pore pressure, it obtained through least-squares fitting by and the number of cycles N.
Table1 The parameters of accumulative pore pressure explicit model 1.22 0.173 0.034 2.0 0.0385 1.37 0.5 0.32 Fig.2 Relationship between cumulative pore pressure and number of cycles in dynamic hollow cylinder tests under constant deviatoric stresses From Fig.2 we can see that the simulation result of cumulative pore pressure model is close to the test results, so the model can calculate the cumulative pore pressure under constant principal stress deflection of saturated soft clay.
Cumulative plastic deformation for fine-grained subgrade soils.

Using sterilisation techniques, the numbers of bacteria and fungi are counted and primarily identified via microscopic.
Introduction Outbreak of the rice blast disease is an important factor to reduce the quality and quantity of grain production.
The numbers of bacteria and fungi on NA and PDA plates with and without fungicides are counted.
The biosoil can reduce the number of microbial by eliminating the growth of them and bring debilitation to microbial cells.
Whenever the concentration of either biosoil or tricyclazole increased, the numbers of active microbes are reduced.

The fine-grained and coarse-grained characteristics of materials change the response behavior of mechanical properties such as yield strength and elongation.
The scientists emphasize a number of angles in their representation of atomistic structures.
In the plastic region, vacancies, fissures, inclusions, grain boundaries (GBs), and voids are commonly observed [37,38].
The variation in particle numbers leads to fluctuations in bond lengths, which manifest as changes in properties.
Lebensohn, Effects of grain size and boundary structure on the dynamic tensile response of copper, J.

In this article presented, the maximum entropy method (MEM) assisted by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with inertia weight factor was adopted to quantify the volume percentage of crystalline grains corresponding to the {100} fiber texture in high-purity Aluminum foils.
As Eq.5 is substituted into Eq.4 and Eq.2, with substituting the accumulation for integral process, a set of nonlinear equations on solving different x whose total number is (R+1) are obtained as Eq.6.
The unknown factors equal to the number of equations, then the values of can be solved consequently.
With increasing the polar anglefrom 6° to 12° as computation area, the volume percentage of crystalline grains increases consequently; when the angle=12°, its relative error, that is =(VPSO-MEM -VMetallo.)

M23C6distributes in the weld after heat treatment between the martensite lath and on the prior austenite grain boundary, which can prevent grain boundary sliding, thereby increasing the fracture strength of the alloy.
A large number of M6C precipitates in the weld after heat treatment as the grain boundary precipitates, the steady temperature of M6C is higher than M23C6.This contributes to refine grain size and improves the impact toughness.